Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD) were determined in liver biopsy specimens and sera of patients with various liver diseases. Mitochondrial and cytosol isozymes of GOT were also separated for their assay. The activity ratio of GOT/GPT in serum was found to reflect the ratio in liver cytosol. The increased ratio in advanced or severe liver diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, was due to the greater decrease in liver cytosol GPT activity, this being pronounced in primary hepatoma. The activity of GLD decreased similarly but less markedly. The relatively greater decrease in GPT compared with GOT in advanced liver diseases was not mainly due to leakage of the enzyme from the liver, but to a specific mechanism associated with hepatic injury or its progression. Other pathological conditions of the liver such as those in obstructive jaundice and alcoholic liver injury also appeared to result in reduced liver GPT activity, which was reflected in the serum as an increased GOT/GPT ratio.
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PMID:The mechanism of release of hepatic enzymes in various liver diseases. II. Altered activity ratios of GOT to GPT in serum and liver of patients with liver diseases. 16 Jan 82

The urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid, a catabolite of glucuronic acid, is considered to be a reliable index of the state of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Because enzyme activity may be altered in liver disease, we examined the effect of liver disease on the excretion of this metabolite and its correlation with liver function tests. We studied 89 patients with nonhemolytic jaundice, 39 with viral hepatitis, 33 with obstructive jaundice, six with cirrhosis, and 11 patients with jaundice of mixed etiology. Glucaric acid excretion was significantly increased in all these patients as compared to controls, most pronounced in the obstructive jaundice group. No correlation was found between glucaric acid excretion and concentrations of bilirubin, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, or gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum, even though the concentrations of these analytes did vary with the type of liver disease. We suggest that this increase in glucaric acid excretion is an indication of normal or even increased glucuronidation (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity), which occurs in liver disease.
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PMID:Increased D-glucaric acid excretion by jaundiced patients. 69 85

Serum xanthine oxidase activity was measured by a radiochemical method in 137 consecutive patients with jaundice of varying etiology and in 40 non-jaundiced patients with liver or other disease. Serum xanthine oxidase was markedly increased, up to 50 times the upper normal limit (mean + 2 S.D.), in 32 out of 34 patients with infectious hepatitis. A slight elevation of serum xanthine oxidase, up to twice the upper normal limit, was found in 2 out of 49 patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and in 4 out of 20 patients with chronic renal failure. In comparison to serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase serum xanthine oxidase appeared to be the more sensitive and specific indicator of acute hepatocellular damage.
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PMID:Serum xanthine oxidase in jaundice. 118 Oct 72

Surgery on patients with malignant obstructive jaundice carries formidable morbidity and mortality rates. Clinical records of 120 consecutive patients who had a serum total bilirubin levels of 100 mumol/L or greater before exploration were analyzed retrospectively to provide guidelines for better management. Although most patients underwent bilienteric bypass to either the extrahepatic (n = 45) or intrahepatic ductal system (n = 28), resection was possible in 32 (26.7%). Complications developed in 42 patients (35%), among whome 12 (10%) required reexploration and 32 (26.7%) died within the same hospitalization. Identification of risk factors associated with hospital deaths after surgery was conducted on 84 of the 120 (group A) patients randomly selected from the entire study period. Based on multivariate analysis, age greater than 65 years, a raised serum aspartate transaminase value greater than 90 IU, and serum urea level greater than 7 mmol/L before surgery were the risk factors selected from 39 different clinical (n = 6), laboratory (n = 26), and operative (n = 7) parameters studied. The predictive value was validated in the remaining 36 patients (group B), and a high-risk patient population had been isolated. Because both serum urea and aspartate transaminase values correlated significantly with the necessity of urgent exploration, aggressive nonoperative treatment should be used to control the emergency. Alternative therapeutic options or perioperative management should be considered for the selected high-risk patients before definitive surgical biliary decompression.
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PMID:Surgery for malignant obstructive jaundice: analysis of mortality. 144 Feb 41

A model of reversible, extrahepatic biliary obstruction is described. Vessel loop blockade of the biliary tree results in obstructive jaundice while removal of the exteriorized vessel loop provides internal biliary drainage without subsequent laparotomy. This technique combined with a system for chronic venous infusion and arterial blood sampling in the unrestrained rat is ideal for long-term metabolic studies of obstructive jaundice. Male Fisher 344 rats (275-350 g) underwent either the combined procedure of total biliary tract blockade and vascular access or sham operation. Mean serum bilirubin was significantly elevated (12.7 +/- 8.9 mg/dl) in the experimental group and following relief of biliary obstruction significantly dropped below 1 mg/dl in all animals except one. Concomitant changes in alkaline phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were seen. Experimental and control rats initially lost weight following laparotomy; however, mean body weight stabilized by the 5th postoperative day and was similar in both groups on the 10th postoperative day. This combined procedure is a simple, effective and reproducible method of obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:A model of reversible obstructive jaundice in the rat. 231 93

The usefulness of the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST): serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio as a guide to the presence of alcoholism was evaluated in four groups of patients. In alcoholics with elevated transaminases the mean AST:ALT ratio was found to be 1.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.49-1.51), in hepatitis B infection 0.51 (95% CI: 0.50-0.52), in liver cancer 1.25 (95% CI: 1.20-1.29), and in nonmalignant obstructive jaundice 0.59 (95% CI: 0.57-0.61). In alcoholics with normal transaminases the AST:ALT ratio was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.61-1.67). The combination of an AST:ALT ratio of greater than 1.00 with an erythrocyte mean cell volume (MCV) above 90.0 fL resulted in a sensitivity of 97.3% and a specificity of 88.9% for detecting alcoholism in these four groups of patients.
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PMID:A combination of raised serum AST:ALT ratio and erythrocyte mean cell volume level detects excessive alcohol consumption. 238 15

The serum level of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase was determined in experimental and clinical obstructive jaundice, using an immunoabsorbance method which allowed the differential determination of cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes in the serum. In experimental obstructive jaundice using dogs, the serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase value rapidly decreased to normal after biliary decompression following a period of biliary obstruction of within 3 weeks. On the other hand, when the period of jaundice was prolonged for 5 weeks, the activity of the enzyme after biliary drainage still continued to show high values, being 14.2 +/- 1.8 Karmen units at 4 weeks following biliary decompression. Determination of aspartate aminotransferase activity in tissue from such organs as the liver, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle and brain, as well as serum samples withdrawn from local veins, confirmed that high serum values of the enzyme in experimental obstructive jaundice were mostly attributable to hepatic impairment induced by biliary obstruction not by secondarily damaged tissues of other organs. Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase proved to be a more useful marker than other routine tests in icteric dogs. In 13 clinical patients with obstructive jaundice, decreasing rates of serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase on the 7th and 14th postoperative days could be applied to evaluate the viability of the icteric liver. The decreasing rates were more advantageous than the preoperative activity itself in predicting the postoperative function of the liver. Thus, mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase appears to serve as a useful marker for assessing the liver function in obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:The significance of serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase activity in obstructive jaundice: experimental and clinical studies. 238 41

Oral administration of lantana leaves (6 g/kg body weight) and isolated toxins (125 mg/kg body weight) to rabbits caused ictericity, anorexia and decrease in fecal output. There was increased size of the kidneys, and the livers were ochre-colored and fragile but there was no hepatomegaly. Histopathologically, lantana-intoxicated rabbits had swellings of hepatic cells, portal fibrosis, dilatation of bile canaliculi and biliary hyperplasia. Kidneys had proliferation of mesenchymal cells in glomerular tufts, degeneration of tubules, swelling of tubular epithelial cells and pyknosis of nuclei. The intoxicated animals had elevated levels of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin in plasma, the major increase being in the conjugated form (suggestive of obstructive jaundice). There were marginal changes in the activities of acid phosphatase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in the plasma.
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PMID:Toxicity of lantana (Lantana camera L) leaves and isolated toxins to rabbits. 338 48

Changes in the amount of hippurate synthesized and excreted in the urine after 1.5 gm benzoate loading (intravenous hippuric acid test [HAT]) in patients with liver disease before surgery were studied in relation to arterial blood ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate) (BKBR), reflecting energy status of the liver. In these patients, the HAT values for 120 minutes were decreased significantly (1.088 +/- 0.129 gm, n = 9; 1.071 +/- 0.258 gm, n = 7; 1.258 +/- 0.126 gm, n = 10; in cirrhosis with liver tumor, cirrhosis with esophageal varix, and obstructive jaundice, respectively) as compared with the value in patients without liver disease (1.829 +/- 0.093 gm, n = 16, P less than 0.01). The correlation coefficient of the BKBR and the HAT value was 0.766, which was higher than that of the BKBR and albumin or the BKBR and choline esterase (r = 0.532 and r = 0.646, respectively). Serum levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were not correlated with the HAT values. Because hippurate is synthesized in liver mitochondria by the continuous supply of adenosine triphosphate through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, HAT is considered to be a test that evaluates the energetic capacity of the liver to manage a metabolic load imposed on it.
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PMID:Clinical significance of hippurate-synthesizing capacity in surgical patients with liver disease: a metabolic tolerance test. 377 26

A 4-year-old cat was examined because of anorexia and lethargy. The cat became icteric within 3 days of admission. Values for aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol were higher than normal. Radiography revealed hepatomegaly, with loss of detail in the cranioventral portion of the abdomen. Further diagnostic procedures were not permitted, and the cat was euthanatized. At necropsy, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and numerous choleliths were found. Cholelithiasis is a rare cause of obstructive jaundice in the cat.
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PMID:Cholelithiasis in a cat. 397 77


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