Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied unselected, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive parenteral drug abusers for antibody to hepatitis D virus (anti-HD) and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prevalences of anti-HD and antibody to HIV were 67% and 58%, respectively, and there was no association between positivity for these two markers. In a logistic regression model, anti-HD was associated with older age (P = .001), longer duration of drug abuse (P = .045), and the presence of liver disease (P = .002). Antibody to HIV was associated with a younger age (P = .003) and increased serum globulin levels (P less than .001). In patients infected with HIV, the severity of hepatic dysfunction remained correlated with anti-HD. In anti-HD-positive patients, most indices of hepatic dysfunction were similar whether or not antibody to HIV was present, but serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in patients with both anti-HD and antibody to HIV. (124 +/- 16 vs. 74 +/- 11, P less than .05).
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PMID:Hepatitis D virus and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in parenteral drug abusers who are hepatitis B surface antigen positive. 317 Dec 27

To analyze the serological, clinical and histological significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication among a group of patients with chronic delta hepatitis (CDH), we have studied the clinical and the histological activity in 49 patients with CDH. The HBV-DNA was analyzed by dot-blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Concomitant infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) was analyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, HDV replication by dot-blot, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The subjects were divided into three groups according to HBV-DNA status: group I: 14 patients HBV-DNA dot-blot positive; group II: 29 patients HBV-DNA positive only by PCR, and group III: 6 patients HBV-DNA negative by dot-blot and PCR. We have found HBV-DNA by dot-blot in 28.5% of patients, and by PCR in 87.7%. Also 22 patients were anti-HCV positive (86.3% had HCV-RNA by RT-PCR). The first group (HBV-DNA dot-blot positive) had significantly higher serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) than those in the second and third groups. Likewise, serum ALT and AST were significantly higher in the second group (HBV-DNA positive by PCR) than in those of the third group. Histological inflammatory activity was significantly higher in the group of patients with HBV-DNA detectable by dot-blot. The prevalence of serum HDV-RNA and IgM anti-HDV were similar in the three groups. These results were similar in the anti-HCV-positive and -negative patients. In conclusion, these data suggest that: (1) persistence of HBV replication is a major determinant of severe liver damage in chronic delta hepatitis, and (2) HCV and HIV infections do not influence the natural history of CDH.
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PMID:Correlation between hepatitis B viremia and the clinical and histological activity of chronic delta hepatitis. 799 89

Serum IgM anti-HBc was determined in 135 chronic HBsAg carriers with various categories of histological activity on liver biopsy and hepatitis B serological profile. Thirty-three patients were treated with interferon-alpha to investigate the correlation between serum IgM anti-HBc with histological activity and viral replication, to evaluate the usefulness of pretreatment IgM anti-HBc as a predictor of a successful response to interferon-alpha and to examine the IgM anti-HBc response during this treatment. All 53 patients with chronic active hepatitis with either wild-type (n = 42) or precore mutant variant HBV infection (n = 11) had an IgM anti-HBc index greater than 0.300 compared with 7.4% (2 of 27) of the chronic HBsAg/HBeAg-positive carriers with chronic persistent hepatitis, 10% (3 of 30) of the anti-HBe-positive asymptomatic carriers and none of the 25 patients with hepatitis D virus-positive chronic active hepatitis (p < 0.0001). Pretreatment IgM anti-HBc index was greater than 0.300 in 82.4% (14 of 17) of HBeAg/HBV DNA-positive patients who seroconverted after interferon-alpha treatment compared with 25% (4 of 16) of the patients who did not seroconvert (p = 0.0013), whereas an elevated pretreatment AST was present in only 52.9% (9 of 17) of responders and in 37.5% (6 of 16) of nonresponders (p = 0.42). Serial testing of IgM anti-HBc in these 33 patients during interferon-alpha treatment showed a significant rise in IgM anti-HBc in all responders, which followed the AST flare-up but preceded the time of the HBeAg to anti-HBe seroconversion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Quantitative assessment of serum IgM anti-HBc in the natural course and during interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. 829 88

To determine the most prevalent forms of hepatitis in intravenous heroin addicts, 389 addicts consecutively admitted to outpatient treatment clinics throughout California were tested for antibodies to hepatitis A (anti-HAV), B core (anti-HBc), B surface (anti-HBs), C (anti-HCV), D (anti-HDV), and B surface antigen (HBsAg). The majority were also tested for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, globulins, albumin, and platelet count. The seroprevalence of each marker was: anti-HAV (40.7%); anti-Hbc (73.6%); anti-HBs (46.7%); anti-HCV (93.6%); anti-HDV (9.6%), and HBsAg (3.5%). No single case was positive for IgM, anti-HAV, or for both HBsAg and anti-HDV, indicating the presence of recent hepatitis A or hepatitis D infection. Abnormal liver enzymes, serum proteins, total bilirubin, and platelet count were found to be normal in 5.3 to 44.8% of anti-HCV cases indicating persistent infection. Among anti-HCV cases, elevated total bilirubin or a low platelet count was invariably associated with one or more liver enzyme and protein abnormalities. We conclude that while acute hepatitis may be frequent and caused by various viral types, hepatitis C is the primary form of chronic hepatitis found in intravenous heroin addicts. Almost half of hepatitis C cases demonstrate liver function abnormalities indicating persistent infection that has the potential to be contagious and progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of hepatitis A, B, C, and D markers and liver function abnormalities in intravenous heroin addicts. 855 78

Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most significant risk factors for viral hepatitis (B, D and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, there is little information about the risk of infection among non-injection drug users (non-IDUs). The present study was designed to perform several objectives: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B, D, C virus and HIV in IDU and non-IDU patients; (b) to compare the prevalence of these markers between both groups; (c) to identify risk factors for HCV and HIV in this population; and (d) to correlate the presence of HCV and liver function. A total of 385 consecutive patients (122 IDUs and 263 non-IDUs), admitted to the Drug Dependency Treatment Unit at the Hospital Insular of Gran Canaria between 1993 to 1994, were included in the study. The serological markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV were determined by ELISA and immunoblot methods. In all cases we also measured syphilis tests (RPR and FTAabs), serum aminotransferases and serum gammaglutamiltranspeptidase. Compared to the non-IDU, the IDU group presents a higher prevalence of antiHBc (55.0% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.0001), antiHCV (87.6% vs. 35.3%, p < 0.0001) and antiHIV (21.8% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in RPR positivity (0.9% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.06). Delta infection was only detected in injection drug users, and the prevalence was low. Using logistic regression, the only risk factors associated with antiHCV positivity were injection drug addiction (OR: 9.2, 95% CI: 4.9-17.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.0-9.9). Similarly, the associated risk factors for HIV were injection drug addiction (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.3-15.0) and antiHBc positivity (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.5-9.2). However, no correlation was found between antiHCV positive and antiHIV or between these markers and RPR positivity. Patients positive for antiHCV showed significant elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, when compared with patients negative for antiHCV: 65.0 vs. 39.2 U/l (p < 0.001) and 88.4 vs. 40.3 U/l (p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that drug users have an elevated prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV infection, even if drug use is only inhalated. On the other hand, the main risk factors associated with HCV and HIV are injection drug addiction and exposure to hepatitis B virus. Finally, in the study population, liver dysfunction is closely related to HCV infection.
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PMID:Prevalence of serologic markers of HBV, HDV, HCV and HIV in non-injection drug users compared to injection drug users in Gran Canaria, Spain. 979 22

All patients who test positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) should be evaluated to determine the activity and severity of the infection. Assessment includes tests of disease activity (aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase), tests of liver function (bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time), and tests of replication status (hepatitis B early antigen, antibody to HBe, HBV DNA titer, and hepatitis D virus antibody). An ultrasound is recommended to assess for signs of cirrhosis and to exclude focal lesions in the liver. In patients with abnormal liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase), a liver biopsy is recommended to assess the stage of disease (amount of fibrosis) and to determine the urgency and need for antiviral therapy. Interferon alfa and lamivudine are the two antiviral therapies currently available. There are pros and cons associated with the use of either drug. Individualization of therapy, based upon factors such as patient comorbidities, response to prior therapies, and stage of disease, is recommended. Patients with abnormal liver enzyme levels, indices of active viral replication (positive HBV DNA, with or without positive HBeAg), and compensated liver disease are candidates for treatment with interferon or lamivudine. For patients with abnormal liver enzyme levels, indices of active viral replication (positive HBV DNA, with or without positive HBeAg), and decompensated liver disease, the treatment of choice is lamivudine. Concurrently, these patients should be considered for liver transplantation referral. There are a number of new antiviral agents currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Combination therapy for chronic HBV infection is anticipated. The use of two or more anti-HBV drugs can be expected to enhance efficacy and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance.
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PMID:Chronic Hepatitis B. 1169 75

CD4+ T cells are thought to contribute to antiviral immune responses by secretion of cytokines thereby providing help to CD8+ T and B cells. However, perforin-positive cytotoxic CD4+ T cells have been described in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suggesting a role not only of CD8+ but also of CD4+ T cells for killing virus-infected cells. We investigated 76 patients with viral hepatitis [15 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 22 HBV/hepatitis D virus and 17 hepatitis C virus (HCV)] for cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. The frequency of perforin-positive CD4+ T cells in viral hepatitis was highly variable ranging from < 1% to more than 25%. Perforin-positive CD4+ T cells displayed the phenotype of terminally differentiated effector cells (CD28-, CD27-). The highest frequencies of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were found in patients with delta hepatitis (P = 0.04 vs HBV and HCV patients), and the presence of CD4+ CTLs was associated with elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels (P = 0.01) and decreased platelet counts (P = 0.03). Perforin-positive CD4+ T cells decreased in two individuals during spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C. Significant associations were found between the frequency of perforin-expressing CD4+ cells and age (P = 0.04), perforin-positive CD8+ cells (P < 0.001) and perforin-positive CD4-/CD8- lymphoid cells (P = 0.002). Differentiated CD27- effector CD4+ CTLs can be detected in patients with viral hepatitis. In particular in patients with more advanced liver disease, the accumulation of perforin-positive T cells with age could be one correlate for the more severe course of viral hepatitis in elderly individuals.
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PMID:Cytotoxic CD4 T cells in viral hepatitis. 1690 Dec 80

Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs) are formed against phospholipids in various clinical conditions such as autoimmune diseases, malignancy, infectious diseases, alcohol-related and hepatic cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of ACAs in patients with chronic hepatitis B together with positive total anti-delta antibodies, and to investigate the relationship between age, gender, and some laboratory parameters (ALT, AST, albumin, globulin, platelet number) of patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection, who were positive or negative for ACAs. A total of 60 patients (43 male, 17 female) with chronic hepatitis D infection [HBsAg positive, HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive, anti-HBc IgG positive, anti-HBc IgM negative, total anti-delta positive, anti-HCV negative] and 30 patients (21 male, 9 female) without hepatitis D infection [HBsAg positive, HBeAg negative, anti-HBe positive, anti-HBc IgG positive, anti-HBc IgM negative, total anti-delta negative, anti-HCV negative] as control group were included to the study. ACA IgG and IgM were searched by a commercial microELISA kit (Euroimmun, Germany). The statistical evaluation was performed with Pearson's chi-square test, Student's t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Total ACAs positivity rate of 60 patients with chronic HDV infection, was found as 13.3%, in which four of the patients were positive for only ACA IgM, while four was positive for only IgG. Positivity for both ACA IgG and ACA IgM could not be detected in these patients. No patients in the control group had positivity for ACAs (IgG and/or IgM). A statistically significant difference was observed in terms of ACA positivity between patients with and without HDV infection (p< 0.05). After all, there was no statistically significant correlation between ACAs positivity and the age, sex, and laboratory parameters of the patients with chronic HDV infection, except lower serum albumin levels (p= 0.004). Although the data of this study revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between chronic HDV infection and anticardiolipin antibodies, it is clear that there is a need for further studies on this subject.
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PMID:[Investigation of anticardiolipin antibodies in chronic hepatitis B infection together with total anti-delta positivity]. 1882 93

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that needs hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from HBV for transmission. HDV can lead to fulminant hepatitis and the progression of chronic liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HDV among HBsAg positive individuals in Ismailia, Egypt. Serum samples were collected from 170 HBsAg positive healthy individuals from Suez Canal University blood bank over a one year period. All of them were seeking blood donation and found to be HBsAg positive during viral hepatitis screening workups which is routinely done prior to donation. Serum samples were screened for IgG antibodies to hepatitis delta virus (HDV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Anti-HDV antibodies were detected in 8 (4.7%) individuals aged from 29-43 years. Liver function tests showed that serum ALT and AST levels were elevated in the HBsAglanti-HDV positive cases. It is concluded that the rate of HDV infection in Ismailia is high and further investigation is needed to validate the findings and raise awareness about the risk of dual HBV and HDV infection.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg positive population in Ismailia, Egypt. 2388 54

To compare the clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, and prognoses of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who were superinfected with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis E virus (HEV). Two hundred and eleven patients with confirmed CHB in our hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital in China, between 2005 and 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Among 211 patients with CHB, 35 were superinfected with HAV, 31 were superinfected with HCV, 22 were superinfected with HDV, and 53 were superinfected with HEV. We analyzed and compared the clinical features of the five groups. The tested biochemical indices and markers of liver function included serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil), prothrombin activity (PTA), serum albumin (Alb), and the serum levels of HBV DNA. The peak values of ALT, AST, and TBil were significantly higher in all of the superinfected groups. Lower peak Alb concentration and PTA were also observed in the superinfected patients, with the exception of patients in the CHB + HAV group. The CHB + HCV, and CHB + HEV groups had higher death rates than the CHB monoinfected group, and the difference was statistically significant. Further analysis of the liver failure groups showed that the level of HBV DNA was not correlated with prognosis. The comparison of clinical outcomes revealed that CHB patients superinfected with HCV, HDV, and HEV compared with CHB monoinfection had statistically greater incidences of exacerbation of the condition and poor prognosis, whereas the patients superinfected with HAV generally had better outcomes.
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PMID:Clinical analysis of patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B superinfected with other hepadnaviruses. 2650 53


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