Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.6.1.1 (aspartate aminotransferase)
21,665 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 68-year-old woman, who had not traveled outside of western Wisconsin, was hospitalized after 4 weeks of chills, fevers, myalgias, neuralgias in her right arm, and pain in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen. Physical examination revealed hepatosplenomegaly, and laboratory studies showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased aspartate transaminase level, and microscopic hematuria. Wright's stain of a blood smear revealed intraerythrocytic organisms consistent with Babesia species. A polymerase chain reaction of whole blood specimens along with an increased serologic titer confirmed the diagnosis of Babesia microti. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody serology and Western blot analysis revealed a simultaneous infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Coinfection with B. microti and B. burgdorferi may occur in endemic areas where both organisms are carried by the same tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. The intensity and duration of illness seem to be greatest in patients with concurrent infection.
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PMID:Coinfection with Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi in a western Wisconsin resident. 955 37

Preclinical schedule dependency suggests that prolonged maintenance of low plasma levels of topotecan, a specific inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I, results in optimal antitumor activity. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topotecan, administered as single agent in second-line therapy as a continuous low-dose infusion for 21 days, were evaluated in nine patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Topotecan was administered i.v. as a 21 day continuous infusion every 28 days via an ambulatory pump. Dosages ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/m2/day. Plasma levels of topotecan, the sum of topotecan, and its hydroxy acid congener and the N-desmethyl metabolite were determined at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days during infusion, using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection. Myelosuppression was the most important toxicity. All patients experienced anemia, being severe (grade 3/4) in 55% of all courses. Other adverse effects were relatively mild and reversible, and included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and fatigue. Three patients achieved a partial response. Mean steady-state concentrations of topotecan (C(ss)) in the first course were 0.46+/-0.17 and 0.47+/-0.19 ng/ml after doses of 0.4 and 0.5 mg/m2/day, respectively. Steady-state levels of the total of topotecan and hydroxy acid (C(ss,tot)) were 1.28+/-0.25 (range 0.93-1.58) and 1.57+/-0.19 (range 1.43-1.70) ng/ml at doses of 0.4 and 0.5 mg/m2/day, respectively. The percentage of the administered topotecan dose excreted in the urine within 24 h was 40+/-14 and 1.2+/-1.0% for total topotecan and N-desmethyltopotecan, respectively. During the second course, C(ss,tot) was significantly higher (p=0.032, paired t-test), which suggests altered topotecan disposition. A sigmoidal relationship was found between C(ss,tot) and the percent decrease in platelets (r=0.76, p=0.018). We conclude that topotecan administered as a 21 day continuous low-dose infusion has activity as single-agent, second-line therapy in patients with SCLC. There was considerable interpatient and intrapatient variability in systemic exposure to topotecan. Differences in organ function might contribute to this variation. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and albumin levels were predictive of topotecan pharmacokinetics.
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PMID:Continuous infusion of low-dose topotecan: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during a phase II study in patients with small cell lung cancer. 966 May 38

Adriamycin has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity with dose related cardiotoxicity as a major side effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of captopril, a sulphydryl containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, on the cardio- and hematotoxicity of adriamycin in normal rats. A single dose of adriamycin (15 mg/kg) caused myocardial toxicity after 24 h manifested biochemically by elevation of serum enzymes:- Aspartate transaminase (AST, EC: 2.6.1.1), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC: 1.1.1.27), creatine phosphokinase (CPK, EC: 2.7.3.2) and the cardiac iso-enzymes of LDH and CPK. The hematotoxicity was characterized by severe leukopenia and anemia that appeared after 72 h of adriamycin administration. Captopril (60 mg/kg i.p.) 1 h before adriamycin injection ameliorated the biochemical toxicity induced by adriamycin. This was evidenced by a significant reduction in serum enzymes, after 24 and 48 h and a significant reduction of serum cardiac iso-enzymes after 48 h. Also restoration of the white blood cell counts as well as hemoglobin concentration occurred after 72 h of captopril administration. These results suggest that captopril may be benificial as a protective agent against cardio- and hematotoxicity induced by adriamycin.
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PMID:Captopril ameliorates myocardial and hematological toxicities induced by adriamycin. 967 64

An epidemic of chronic rhinitis in a population of 50 captive spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca graeca) from Palafrugell (Girona, Spain) is described, in which eight animals died and 12 were euthanatized to perform necropsies and post-mortem studies. The main clinical sign was a bilateral, seromucous rhinitis often accompanied by stomatitis and glossitis. Hematology and serum biochemistry were performed in 33 of the 50 ill animals and in 29 healthy tortoises from three disease-free populations. Lymphocyte count, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and alpha-globulin levels were significantly higher in the animals from the sick population. The heterophil count was significantly lower in the sick animals. Some of the diseased tortoises also showed a normocytic-normochromic anemia. Lesions were restricted to the respiratory system and oral cavity. Marked epithelial hyperplasia and presence of a severe mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the epithelium of the oral, nasal, and tracheal mucosae were observed. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear viral particles of the size, shape, and distribution pattern typical of a herpesvirus.
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PMID:Chronic rhinitis associated with herpesviral infection in captive spur-thighed tortoises from Spain. 970 58

The prevalence of individuals with or at risk for HIV infection in prisons and jails is severalfold higher than age-adjusted rates in surrounding communities. This HIV serosurvey of 975 newly sentenced male prisoners employed a new methodology that anonymously linked individual information to HIV serologic data. The HIV prevalence was 6.1%; multivariate regression analysis indicated injection drug use (OR = 18.9), black race (OR = 5.5), Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 3.4), psychiatric illness (OR = 3.1) and a history of having had a sexually transmitted disease (OR = 2.2) were independent predictors of HIV infection. Laboratory markers such as hypoalbuminemia, an elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia suggest increased risk for HIV among prisoners, particularly in settings where HIV testing resources are scarce. This study, unlike those reported in other geographic regions, indicated that the majority (71%) of HIV-seropositive persons self-reported their HIV status. This finding may suggest that HIV-infected individuals will self-report their status if HIV care is comprehensive and consistent. The large number of HIV-infected individuals within prisons makes prisons important sites for the introduction of comprehensive HIV-related care. This is particularly relevant in that development of new guidelines issued for the management of HIV infection in which potent combination antiretroviral therapy has been demonstrated to decrease morbidity and mortality. The high prevalence of HIV-seronegative inmates with self-reported high-risk behaviors also suggests the importance of prisons as sites for the introduction of appropriate risk-reduction interventions.
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PMID:Predictors of HIV infection among newly sentenced male prisoners. 971 40

Clinical, clinico-pathological and serological studies were performed in sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis. Acute babesiosis occurred in all the lambs infested with adult Rhipicephalus bursa ticks and in one lamb infested with the larvae. The rate of parasitaemia and the degree of anaemia were not correlated. Decrease in the packed-cell volume ranged from 30 to 40%. Parasitized erythrocytes were not observed to block capillaries in the brain, which explained the absence of nervous symptoms in acute babesiosis. The kidneys were the most severely affected organs, exhibiting acute glomerulonephritis. The lesions observed were suggestive of vascular alteration and vascular stasis, leading to anoxia of the tissues. A disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome was recorded in sheep infected with babesiosis. A marked increase in the enzymes of the transaminase groups, mainly aspartate aminotransferase (AST), was observed. Enzymatic changes (increases in AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreases in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and malic enzyme (MEZ)), decreases in total proteins and albumin, and increases in urea and creatinine might reflect the degree of severity of the damage to the liver and kidney tissues. Most of the lambs (85%) that were infested with larvae, and all lambs infested with adult R. bursa ticks, reacted serologically to B. ovis antigen. The serological reactions following infestation with the larvae occurred much later than those following infestation with the adult stage. The lambs which were infested with larvae showed mild clinical reactions when challenged by infected R. bursa adults, as compared with the reactions to the challenge in naive control animals. The serological findings, in addition to the fact that one splenectomized lamb reacted to larval infestation with acute ovine babesiosis, show that the preimaginal stages of R. bursa can transmit B. ovis, usually causing a sub-clinical disease. It is suggested that infections derived from preimaginal ticks in the winter can preimmunize sheep for the subsequent more severe infections derived from adult ticks in the summer. Furthermore, in the absence of a reliable vaccine against B. ovis, grazing flocks in the enzootic regions should be exposed to the preimaginal stages during their activity period (October-February) before exposure to the adult ticks in spring and summer (April-July).
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PMID:Clinical, clinico-pathological and serological studies of Babesia ovis in experimentally infected sheep. 978 Aug 25

A 51-year-old man presented with severe anemia, mild splenomegaly and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum alanine aminotransferase levels. The bone marrow findings were consistent with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) with a 'maturation arrest' at the level of pronormoblast. The patient has been transfusion-dependent for 8 months. Following diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV), therapy with interferon-alpha was initiated. Two weeks later, the hemoglobin level stabilized, and he has not required any transfusion ever since. In spite of ongoing HCV viremia, cessation of interferon therapy, and deterioration of the liver function tests, the patient, followed for 2 years, maintains a high-normal hemoglobin level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of prolonged PRCA corrected by interferon-alpha therapy, with or without an ongoing HCV infection. We speculate that the 'maturation arrest' of the erythroid lineage seen in the bone marrow was the result of an immune mechanism, possibly induced by the HCV, and that the elimination of this mechanism, rather than the elimination of the HCV, provided the opportunity for regeneration of erythropoiesis.
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PMID:Pure red cell aplasia responsive to interferon-alpha in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection. 997 47

A desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) was trapped underground without food or water for nearly 11 mo near Yucca Mountain, Nevada (USA). Physical abnormalities included weight loss, sunken eyes, and muscle atrophy. Biochemical abnormalities determined from blood sampling included marked azotemia and hyperosmolality, which were attributed largely to accumulation and retention of nitrogenous wastes. Moderate hypercholesterolemia, hypophosphatemia, and increased aspartate transaminase activity, and mild hyperchloremia, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia and anemia also were observed, compared with results obtained from other tortoises sampled at the same time. The lack of, or only mild, alterations in most laboratory data exemplified the high degree of physiological adaptation tortoises can undergo when deprived of food and water for a prolonged period.
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PMID:Physical and biochemical abnormalities associated with prolonged entrapment in a desert tortoise. 1023 63

The aim of the paper is to present a case of self-poisoning with paracetamol, overdosed just before a delivery. A 21-year-old woman was admitted to Obstetric and Gynecology Ward of local hospital in the second stage of physiological delivery, more than 6 hours after she had ingested 19 g of acetaminophen for self-poisoning. She delivered a normal infant weighing 3520 g who had Apgar scores of 10, and then both infant and mother were sent in an emergency ambulance to the nearest poison centre. Blood samples for toxicological examination were taken on admission to toxicological intensive care unit i.e. 11 hours post maternal ingestion. Acetaminophen levels of both patients were above the acetaminophen overdose nomogram line and the antidote treatment, i.v. N-acetylcysteine was administered according to the protocol: the mother within 11 hours post-ingestion and approximately 4 hours after a delivery; the neonate within 11 hours post maternal ingestion and 4 hours of life. Higher paracetamol concentration in the blood of infant compared to the mother's was noted in the first and then control toxicological examination performed within 35 hours post maternal ingestion. Peak maternal aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was 326 U/L within 35 hours and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was 262 U/L within 56 hours post-ingestion. The highest neonatal enzyme activity was noted within 11 hours post maternal ingestion of paracetamol, and the elevation was not high. Except moderate anaemia in the mother, no clinical or biochemical symptoms of renal, cardiovascular or CNS injury were stated in the mother or infant. Normalisation in the maternal enzymes activity was stated within 226 hours, while in the neonatal within 58 hours post maternal ingestion. The woman recovered without sequelae and was discharged from hospital on the 11th day following paracetamol overdosing. No evidence of the liver injury was found in the infant either.
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PMID:Suicidal paracetamol poisoning of a pregnant woman just before a delivery. 1046 99

The toxicity to Wistar rats of Saudi Chrozophora obliqua used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diverse ailments was investigated. C. obliqua leaves were fed to rats at 2% or 10% of the standard diet. When compared with controls, body weight gains and feed efficiency were adversely affected by both treatments. Although the rats fed 10% C. obliqua diet had the lowest growth rate, bouts of soft faeces and enterohepatonephropathy no death occurred among the rats. These changes were accompanied by increases in serum GGT and AST activities, in urea and cholesterol concentrations, decreases in total protein and albumin levels, macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and leucopenia.
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PMID:Toxicity of Chrozophora obliqua in rats. 1054 63


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