Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

BCR-ABL is a chimeric oncoprotein that exhibits deregulated tyrosine kinase activity and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive leukemia. We have previously shown SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 forms stable complexes with BCR-ABL and Grb2 in BCR-ABL-transformed cells (Tauchi, T., Feng, G. S., Shen, R., Song, H. Y., Donner, D., Pawson, T., and Broxmeyer, H. E. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15381-15387). To elucidate the structural requirement of BCR-ABL for the interactions with SH2-containing signaling molecules, we examined a series of BCR-ABL mutants which include the Grb2 binding site-deleted BCR-ABL (1-63 BCR/ABL), the tetramerization domain-deleted BCR-ABL (64-509 BCR/ABL), and the SH2 domain-deleted BCR-ABL (BCR/ABL deltaSH2). These BCR-ABL mutants were previously shown to reduce the transforming activity in fibroblasts. We found that the tetramerization domain-deleted BCR-ABL did not induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2 and the interactions of BCR-ABL, SHP-2, and Grb2. In vitro kinase assays have also shown that the tetramerization domain-deleted BCR-ABL mutant did not phosphorylate GST-SHP-2 in vitro. SHP-2 was co-immunoprecipitated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in BCR/ABL p210-transformed cells; however, this interaction was not observed in the tetramerization domain-deleted BCR-ABL mutant. Therefore the tetramerization domain of BCR-ABL is essential for interactions of these downstream molecules.
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PMID:A coiled-coil tetramerization domain of BCR-ABL is essential for the interactions of SH2-containing signal transduction molecules. 899 49

Protein-tyrosine kinases, such as HER-2/ErbB-2, have been specifically linked to breast cancer. The Csk-homologous kinase (CHK), formerly MATK, is a tyrosine kinase that contains the Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains and demonstrates homology ( approximately 50%) to the Csk tyrosine kinase. Like Csk, CHK is able to phosphorylate and inactivate Src family kinases. In this report, we investigated whether CHK is expressed in breast cancer tissues and whether it participates in the ErbB-2 signaling pathway in T47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Immunostaining of the CHK protein in breast tissues demonstrated that primary invasive ductal carcinomas, stage II (13 of 15 cases) and stage I (8 of 15 cases), expressed the CHK protein, while this protein was not detected in the adjacent normal tissues from the same patients. To study the role of CHK in the ErbB-2 signaling pathway, glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing the SH2 and SH3 domains of CHK were generated. CHK-SH2 and CHK-SH3-SH2, but not CHK-SH3 or CHK-NH2-SH3, precipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated ErbB-2 upon stimulation with heregulin. EGF or interleukin-6 stimulation of T47D cells failed to induce CHK-SH2 association with ErbB-2, the EGF-receptor, or the interleukin-6 receptor. In vivo association of the tyrosine-phosphorylated ErbB-2 with CHK was observed in co-immunoprecipitation studies with anti-CHK antibodies. EGF-R, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4 were not detected in the CHK immunoprecipitates or in the precipitates of the GST-SH2 fusion proteins of CHK, suggesting that the association of CHK with ErbB-2 upon heregulin stimulation is receptor-specific (ErbB-2) and ligand-specific (heregulin). These results indicate that CHK might participate in signaling in breast cancer cells by associating, via its SH2 domain, with ErbB-2 following heregulin stimulation.
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PMID:Association of csk-homologous kinase (CHK) (formerly MATK) with HER-2/ErbB-2 in breast cancer cells. 899 72

JAK is believed to be an essential tyrosine kinase that mediates signals from the cytokine receptor to its downstream events. JAK associates with the cytoplasmic domain of the type I cytokine receptor superfamily and upon the ligand stimulation it can be activated, resulting in the receptor phosphorylation. In signaling from gp130, a common signal transducer for the IL-6 family cytokines, STAT3, a transcription factor that contains an SH2 domain, is recruited by phosphotyrosines on gp130 and is subsequently phosphorylated by gp130-associated JAKs. In this study, we attempted to find a new target for JAK that is directly activated by JAK, independent of gp130 tyrosine phosphorylation, by using a yeast two-hybrid system. In the process we found that the JH2 domain of JAK1, JAK2 or JAK3 could specifically associate with the carboxy-terminal portion of STAT5, but not with STAT3 or STAT1. The interaction was confirmed using both a transient expression system in a cell line and a GST-fusion protein binding assay. Furthermore, we showed that the activation of STAT5 via gp130 did not need any phosphotyrosines on gp130 while that of STAT3 strictly depended on phosphotyrosines on gp130. Mutations of STAT5 that eliminated the interaction with JAK1 reduced the activation of STAT5 upon the gp130 stimulation, although such mutants could be still activated through erythropoietin receptor. These results indicate that STATs are activated through cytokine receptors by two distinct mechanisms, one dependent on receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and the other mediated by the JAK-STAT direct interaction.
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PMID:An alternative pathway for STAT activation that is mediated by the direct interaction between JAK and STAT. 904 82

We have used two approaches to identify possible substrates of the insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase. First, we used a potent tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, phenylarsine oxide (PAO), which is reported to be specific for the insulin-induced signal transduction route, to augment tyrosine phosphorylation. Second, we used src homology 2 (SH2) domains fused to glutathione S-transferase as high affinity binding agents for tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Using the SH2 domain-containing region of p120 GTPase-activating protein and growth factor-bound protein 2, we observed a tyrosine-phosphorylated M(r) 70,000 protein in insulin- plus PAO-treated NIH3T3 cells overexpressing the IR. This M(r) 70,000 protein, which migrated as a doublet on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, efficiently bound to polyuridylic acid-Sepharose but is distinct from similar-size RNA-binding proteins such as p62 (sam68) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins I, K, L, and M. In addition, it differs from other M(r) 70,000 tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, such as SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase, raf1, and paxillin. Tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein was hardly observed after epidermal growth factor treatment. This suggests that the M(r) 70,000 protein is a novel and specific substrate for the IR kinase or an insulin-induced tyrosine kinase. The requirement for PAO to identify this tyrosine phosphorylation indicates a high turnover rate of the tyrosine phosphate.
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PMID:Insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a M(r) 70,000 protein revealed by association with the Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains of p120GAP and Grb2. 905 95

The uptake of glucose into mammalian cells, catalysed by members of the GLUT family of glucose transporters, is regulated by a variety of hormones, growth factors and other agents. In adipocytes, skeletal muscle and heart the principal regulator is the hormone insulin, which rapidly stimulates glucose uptake by bringing about the translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform from an intracellular vesicular compartment to the cell surface. Recent studies have implicated the C-terminal hydrophilic region of this protein as being primarily responsible for its insulin-regulated trafficking. In an attempt to identify the protein machinery involved in this trafficking, we have used glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins bearing hydrophilic domains of various GLUT transporters in affinity purification experiments on detergent-solubilized extracts of 3T3-L1 adipocyte intracellular membranes. The C-terminal region of GLUT4 was found specifically to bind a number of polypeptides in these extracts, which are therefore candidates for components of the trafficking machinery. Although these proteins did not bind to the corresponding region of the more widely-distributed GLUT1 glucose transporter isoform, regulation of this transporter also appears to be of physiological importance in some cell types. To study such regulation we have used as a model system the interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent haemopoietic cell line IC.DP. These cells express a temperature sensitive mutane of the v-abl tyrosine kinase, whose activation at the permissive temperature permits cell survival in the absence of IL-3 by suppression of apoptosis, although the growth factor is still required for proliferation. Both IL-3 and activation of the kinase were found to stimulate glucose transport by promoting the translocation of GLUT1 to the cell surface. Moreover, inhibition of glucose uptake by addition of transport inhibitors markedly increased the rate of apoptosis, an effect which could be reversed by the provision of alternative energy sources. These observations suggest that the trafficking of GLUT1, regulated by growth factors or oncogenes, may play an important role in the suppression of apoptosis in haemopoietic cells.
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PMID:Trafficking of glucose transporters--signals and mechanisms. 915 73

BCR-ABL is a chimeric oncoprotein that exhibits deregulated tyrosine kinase activity and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Philadelphia chromosome (ph1)-positive leukemia. We have previously shown SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 forms stable complexes with BCR-ABL and Grb2 in BCR-ABL transformed cells (T., Tauchi, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15381, 1994). To elucidate the structural requirement of BCR-ABL for the interactions with SH2-containing signaling molecules, we examined a series of BCR-ABL mutants which include the Grb2 binding site deleted BCR-ABL (1-63 BCR/ABL), the tetramerization domain deleted BCR-ABL (64-509 BCR/ABL), and the SH2 domain deleted BCR-ABL (BCR/ABL delta SH2). These BCR-ABL mutants were previously shown to reduce the transforming activity in fibroblasts. We found that the tetramerization domain deleted BCR-ABL did not induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2 and the interactions of BCR-ABL, SHP-2, and Grb2. In vitro kinase assays have also shown the tetramerization domain deleted BCR-ABL mutant did not phosphorylate GST-SHP-2 in vitro. SHP-2 was co-immunoprecipitated with P13Kinase in BCR/ABL p210 transformed cells, however this interaction was not observed in the tetramerization domain deleted BCR-ABL mutant. Therefore the tetramerization domain of BCR-ABL is essential for interactions of these downstream molecules.
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PMID:A coiled-coil tetramerization domain of BCR-ABL is essential for the interactions of SH2-containing signal transduction molecules. 918 66

Engagement of beta1 integrins in terminally differentiated human B cell lines, such as ARH-77, leads to prominent tyrosine phosphorylation of the p130 Crk-associated substrate (Cas). Cas regulates the assembly of several SH2 and SH3 domain-containing proteins into signaling complexes, which are potentially involved in the propagation of downstream signals. We demonstrate here that immunoprecipitated Cas from beta1 integrin-stimulated ARH-77 cells was associated with tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activities and that integrin ligation led to the recruitment of at least p59(Fyn) tyrosine kinase and SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase in Cas immune complexes. Cotransfection studies in COS-7 cells further indicated that Fyn/Cas physical interaction and Fyn-mediated Cas phosphorylation required amino acids 638-889 in the C-terminal region of Cas. This sequence contains both c-Src SH2 and SH3 domain-binding motifs. In vitro binding studies using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins derived from the SH2 or SH3 domains of Fyn suggested that both Fyn domains can participate in Fyn/Cas interaction. These data implicate Fyn and SHP2 as potential modulators of Cas signaling complexes in B cells.
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PMID:Regulation of integrin-mediated p130(Cas) tyrosine phosphorylation in human B cells. A role for p59(Fyn) and SHP2. 918 52

Expression cloning is an effective approach for isolating genes encoding proteins that associate with a target species. Several molecules have been isolated by expression cloning, including CRE-BP1 associating with Jun (Macgregor et al., 1990); Grb1, identical to p85 PI3-kinase, with the EGF receptor (Skolnik et al., 1991); and Max with Myc (Blackwood and Eisenman, 1991). Expression cloning involves induction of proteins from a lambda gt11 cDNA expression library and screening the proteins on nitrocellulose membranes using a peptide probe (Macgregor et al., 1990). With this method, we previously isolated an Lck tyrosine kinase-associated protein, LckBP1, which is identical to HS1 (Kitamura et al., 1989, 1995; Takemoto et al., 1995). In those experiments, we used a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Lck SH3 domain fusion protein as a probe, followed by detection of the complex with anti-GST polyclonal antibody. Whereas the ease of obtaining the fusion construct and high-titer anti-GST polyclonal antibody represented clear advantages, the system suffered from high background and low sensitivity. Here we show that pretreatment of nitrocellulose filters with NaDodSO4 reduces background and, in turn, increases sensitivity.
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PMID:A simple improvement in expression cloning. 921 73

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) relay signals from activated cell surface receptors directly to the nucleus. Previously, a protein required for T-cell transformation by the DNA tumor virus herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and designated tyrosine kinase interacting protein (Tip-484) was shown to interact with and dramatically upregulate the activity of p56lck. p56lck is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for signaling by the T-cell receptor and also interacts with the CD4, CD8, and interleukin-2 receptors. The present data show activation of STAT1 and -3 by Tip-484. STAT1 and -3 were also found to complex with glutathione S-transferase-Tip-484 only in the presence of p56lck, and STAT3 was shown to be phosphorylated by the Tip-484-p56lck multiprotein complex in vitro. Infection of T cells with HVS or expression of recombinant Tip-484 significantly increased the DNA-binding activity of the STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors in nuclear extracts and also increased the phosphorylation of STAT3 in vivo. This is the first report of STAT activation by a DNA tumor virus protein. Moreover, these studies demonstrate that p56lck is required for STAT activation by Tip-484.
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PMID:Activation of STAT transcription factors by herpesvirus Saimiri Tip-484 requires p56lck. 926 90

Cdc42 plays an important role in intracellular signaling pathways that influence cell morphology and motility and stimulate DNA synthesis. In attempts to determine whether nonreceptor tyrosine kinases play a fundamental role in Cdc42 signaling, we have cloned and biochemically characterized a new Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase (ACK) from bovine brain. This tyrosine kinase, named ACK-2, has a calculated molecular mass of 83 kDa and shares a number of primary structural domains with the 120-kDa ACK (ACK-1). The main differences between the primary structures of ACK-2 and ACK-1 occur in the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions. Like ACK-1, ACK-2 binds exclusively to activated (GTP-bound) Cdc42 and does not bind to its closest homologs, e.g. activated Rac. ACK-2 could not be activated by addition of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Cdc42(Q61L), a GTPase-defective mutant, or by GTPgammaS-loaded GST-Cdc42 in in vitro kinase assays. However, ACK-2 was activated when cotransfected with wild type Cdc42 or Cdc42(Q61L) and stably associated with Cdc42(Q61L) in vivo, indicating that ACK-2 interacts with active Cdc42 in cells. Furthermore, the tyrosine kinase activity of ACK-2 was stimulated both by epidermal growth factor and bradykinin, suggesting that ACK-2 may play a role in the signaling actions of both receptor tyrosine kinases or heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of a novel Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase, ACK-2, from bovine brain. 931 79


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