Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
 22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have isolated a novel member of the mammalian PAK (p21 activated kinase) and yeast Ste20 serine/threonine kinase family from a mouse fibroblast cDNA library, designated mPAK-3. Expression of mPAK-3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae partially restores mating function in ste20 null cells. Like other PAKs, mPAK-3 contains a putative Cdc42Hs/Rac binding sequence and when transiently expressed in COS cells, full-length mPAK-3 binds activated (GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio-triphosphate)-bound) glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Cdc42Hs and GST-Rac1 but not GST-RhoA. As expected for a putative target molecule, mPAK-3 does not bind to an effector domain mutant of Cdc42Hs. Furthermore, activated His-tagged Cdc42Hs and His-tagged Rac stimulate mPAK-3 autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by mPAK-3 in vitro. Interestingly, the amino-terminal region of mPAK-3 contains potential SH3-binding sites and we find that mPAK-3, expressed in vitro and in vivo, shows highly specific binding to the SH3 domain of phospholipase C-gamma and at least one SH3 domain in the adapter protein Nck. These results raise the possibility of an additional level of regulation of the PAK family in vivo.
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PMID:Identification of a mouse p21Cdc42/Rac activated kinase. 755 98

We have previously shown that overexpression of the SH2- and SH3-containing Nck adaptor protein causes transformation of mammalian fibroblast. To elucidate the mechanism by which it deregulates growth, we have sought to identify potential effectors for Nck. We report that a serine/threonine kinase, which we term NAK (for Nck-associated kinase), associates with Nck in vivo and in vitro. Using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins generated with isolated domains of Nck, we demonstrate that NAK binds specifically to the second of Nck's three SH3 domains. NAK is complexed with Nck in a wide variety of cell types, including NIH3T3, A431, PC12, and Hela cells.
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PMID:A novel ligand for SH3 domains. The Nck adaptor protein binds to a serine/threonine kinase via an SH3 domain. 770 79

c-Mil is the avian homologue of the mammalian serine/threonine kinase c-Raf-1. c-Mil/Raf is a mediator of signal transduction leading to gene expression via the c-Jun DNA-binding site, AP-1. Here we show that c-Mil immunopurified from MC29-virus-transformed quail fibroblasts phosphorylates c-Jun in vitro near its N terminus (Ser-63 and -73). Furthermore, the viral oncogene product Gag-Mil of the avian wild-type retrovirus MH2 phosphorylates c-Jun in vitro. A contribution by other known kinases phosphorylating c-Jun, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinases, was excluded by control reactions. c-Raf-1 and c-Jun directly interact in vitro as shown by various immobilized glutathione S-transferase-Raf fusion proteins which specify the cysteine-rich region of c-Mil/Raf as the major N-terminal binding site. An additional minor binding site is located in the C-terminal region. The biological relevance of these results is demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation of c-Jun and c-Mil from 32P-labeled MC29- and MH2-transformed fibroblasts as well as normal quail embryo fibroblasts, whereby c-Jun was identified by tryptic phosphopeptide analysis. The complexed c-Jun exhibits a decreased electrophoretic mobility corresponding to a more highly phosphorylated state. Cell fractionation analyses indicate that the c-Mil/c-Jun complex is located in the cytoplasm. The data demonstrate that c-Jun can be a direct target of the protein kinase c-Mil/Raf, suggesting an alternative pathway, which leads to c-Jun phosphorylation independent of the MAPKs and MAPK-related proteins.
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PMID:Direct interaction and N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun by c-Mil/Raf. 787 94

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised in mice against a bacterial fusion protein composed of the intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain of the type-2 activin receptor, ACTR2, fused to glutathione S-transferase. Three MAbs with high affinity toward the ACTR2 kinase domain were isolated, one of which recognized specifically ACTR2 expressed transiently in vascular endothelial cells. These reagents should be of use in the elucidation of mechanisms of transmembrane signaling by this member of the emerging receptor serine threonine kinase family.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the type-2 activin receptor, ACTR2. 792 63

Different domains of the serine/threonine kinase, raf-1, were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography. A cysteine-rich domain of raf-1 was found to contain 2 mol of zinc (molar basis), similar to analogous cysteine-rich domains of protein kinase C. GST-fusion proteins, containing the cysteine-rich domain of raf-1, bound to liposomes in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. In contrast to protein kinase C, the translocation of raf-1 was not dependent upon diacylglycerol, phorbol ester, or calcium, nor did raf-1 bind phorbol esters. A GST-fusion protein encoding residues 1-147 of raf-1 bound to normal GTP-ras with high affinity, but not to mutant GTP-Ala35 ras; no binding was detected to GDP-ras. The binding of a smaller fusion protein (residues 1-130 of raf-1) was about 10-fold weaker, inferring that a 17-amino acid sequence represents a critical binding determinant in intact raf-1. These residues are adjacent to the amino-terminal end of, and partially extend into, the cysteine-rich domain (amino acids 139-184). A synthetic peptide corresponding to this 17-amino acid sequence blocked the interaction of raf-1 with ras. The function of the cysteine-rich region of raf-1 homologous to protein kinase C is to promote translocation of raf-1 kinase to membranes and to form part of the high affinity binding site for GTP-ras.
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PMID:The cysteine-rich region of raf-1 kinase contains zinc, translocates to liposomes, and is adjacent to a segment that binds GTP-ras. 814 97

Raf-1 is a serine/threonine kinase which is essential in cell growth and differentiation. Tyrosine kinase oncogenes and receptors and p21ras can activate Raf-1, and recent studies have suggested that Raf-1 functions upstream of MEK (MAP/ERK kinase), which phosphorylates and activates ERK. To determine whether or not Raf-1 directly activates MEK, we developed an in vitro assay with purified recombinant proteins. Epitope-tagged versions of Raf-1 and MEK and kinase-inactive mutants of each protein were expressed in Sf9 cells, and ERK1 was purified as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein from bacteria. Raf-1 purified from Sf9 cells which had been coinfected with v-src or v-ras was able to phosphorylate kinase-active and kinase-inactive MEK. A kinase-inactive version of Raf-1 purified from cells that had been coinfected with v-src or v-ras was not able to phosphorylate MEK. Raf-1 phosphorylation of MEK activated it, as judged by its ability to stimulate the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by glutathione S-transferase-ERK1. We conclude that MEK is a direct substrate of Raf-1 and that the activation of MEK by Raf-1 is due to phosphorylation by Raf-1, which is sufficient for MEK activation. We also tested the ability of protein kinase C to activate Raf-1 and found that, although protein kinase C phosphorylation of Raf-1 was able to stimulate its autokinase activity, it did not stimulate its ability to phosphorylate MEK.
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PMID:Reconstitution of the Raf-1-MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway in vitro. 841 57

Raf is a serine/threonine kinase that binds through its amino-terminal regulatory domain to the GTP form of Ras and thereby activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In this study, we have characterized the interaction of the Ras-binding domain of Raf with Ras using equilibrium binding methods (scintillation proximity assay and fluorescence anisotropy), rather than with more widely used nonequilibrium procedures (such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and affinity precipitation). Initial studies using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins with either residues 1-257 or 1-190 of Raf showed that although it was possible to detect Ras binding using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or affinity precipitation, it was substoichiometric; under equilibrium conditions with only a small excess of Raf almost no binding was detected. This difference was probably due to the presence of a high percentage of inactive Raf protein. Further studies used protein containing residues 51-131 of Raf, which expressed in Escherichia coli as a stable glutathione S-transferase fusion. With this protein, binding with Ras could readily be measured under equilibrium conditions. The catalytic domain of neurofibromin inhibited binding of Ras to Raf, and Raf inhibited the binding of Ras to neurofibromin showing that Raf and neurofibromin cannot be bound simultaneously to Ras. The affinities of interaction of neurofibromin and Raf with Harvey-RasLeu-61 were similar. The rate constant for dissociation of Raf from Ras was estimated to be >1 min-1, suggesting that Ras, Raf, and neurofibromin may be in rapid equilibrium in the cell. In contrast to previous reports, under equilibrium conditions there was no evidence for a difference in affinity between the minimal Ras binding domain of Raf (residues 51-131) and a region containing an additional 16 carboxyl-terminal amino acids, suggesting that residues 132-147 do not form a critical binding determinant.
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PMID:Equilibrium and kinetic measurements reveal rapidly reversible binding of Ras to Raf. 863 91

Recently we described the molecular cloning of SLP-76, a hematopoietic cell-specific 76-kD protein that was first identified through its association with GST/Grb2 fusion proteins. The primary sequence of SLP-76 predicts a protein of 533 amino acids comprising an amino-terminal region with numerous potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites, a central region rich in proline residues, and a single carboxy-terminal SH2 domain. Here we demonstrate formally that Grb2 associates with unphosphorylated SLP-76 and map the Grb2 binding site on SLP-76 undergoes rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and associates with tyrosine phosphoproteins of 36, 62, and 130 kD. In vitro experiments show that the SH2 domain of SLP-76 associates with the 62- and 130-kD proteins and additionally with a serine/threonine kinase. Finally, we demonstrate that transient overexpression of SLP-76 results in dramatically enhanced TCR-mediated induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and interleukin (IL) 2 promoter activity; and we provide evidence that a functional SLP-76 SH2 domain is required for this effect. Our data document the in vivo associations of SLP-76 with several proteins that potentially participate in T cell activation and implicate SLP-76 itself as an important molecule in TCR-mediated IL-2 production.
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PMID:Implication of the GRB2-associated phosphoprotein SLP-76 in T cell receptor-mediated interleukin 2 production. 866 52

A protein serine/threonine kinase, p160(ROCK), has been identified as a putative Rho target protein that is activated when bound to the GTP-bound form of the small GTPase Rho (Ishizaki, T., Maekawa, M., Fujisawa, K., Okawa, K., Iwamatu, A., Fujita, A., Watanabe, N. Saito, Y., Kakizuka, A., Morii, N., and Narumiya, S. (1996) EMBO J. 15, 1885-1893). p160(ROCK) has a serine/threonine kinase domain in its NH2-terminal region, followed by an approximately 600-amino acid-long alpha-helix, a cysteine-rich zinc finger-like motif, and a pleckstrin homology region in the COOH terminus. To identify the Rho binding domain of this protein, we divided p160 into five fragments, expressed each as a His-tagged recombinant protein, and performed a ligand overlay assay using [35S]guanosine-5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTPgammaS)-bound glutathione S-transferase-RhoA. Specific GTPgammaS-Rho binding was observed only in the fragment M2, which covered most of the carboxyl half of the alpha-helix between amino acids 727 and 1021. This fragment was further subdivided into several fragments, and the ligand overlay assay as well as the yeast two hybrid system was carried out to identify the Rho-binding region. These studies localized the minimum Rho binding region to amino acids 934-1015. To identify critical amino acids for Rho binding, we analyzed the Rho binding activity of the subfragment with various point mutations. This analysis revealed that K934M, L941A, and E1008A mutations significantly weakened Rho binding and an I1009A mutation abolished Rho binding. The amino acid sequence in this region had no significant homology with Rho effector motif class 1, which is shared by putative Rho targets, PKN, rhophilin, and rhotekin, (Reid, T., Furuyashiki, T., Ishizaki, T., Watanabe, G., Watanabe, N., Fujisawa, K., Morii, N., Madaule, P., and Narumiya, S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 13556-13560) and may define a distinct class of Rho effector motif.
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PMID:Identification of the Rho-binding domain of p160ROCK, a Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase. 879 90

Pim-1 is an oncogene-encoded serine/threonine kinase expressed primarily in cells of the hematopoietic and germ line lineages. Previously identified only in mammals, pim-1 cDNA was cloned and sequenced from the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. The coding region of Xenopus pim-1 encoded a protein of 324 residues, which exhibited 64% amino acid identity with the full-length human cognate. Xenopus Pim-1 was expressed in bacteria as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein and in COS cells. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that recombinant Pim-1 autophosphorylated on serine and threonine and to a more limited extent on tyrosine. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy was undertaken to locate these phosphorylation sites, and the primary autophosphorylation site of GST-Pim-1 was identified as Ser-190 with Thr-205 and Ser-4 being minor sites. Ser-190, which immediately follows the high conserved Asp-Phe-Gly motif in catalytic subdomain VII, is also featured in more than 20 other protein kinases. To evaluate the importance of the Ser-190 site on the phosphotransferase activity of Pim-1, Ser-190 was mutated to either alanine or glutamic acid, and the constructs were expressed in bacteria as GST fusion proteins and in COS cells. These mutants confirmed that Ser-190 is a major autophosphorylation site of Pim-1 and indicated that phosphorylation of Pim-1 on the Ser-190 residue may serve to activate this kinase.
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PMID:Identification of the autophosphorylation sites of the Xenopus laevis Pim-1 proto-oncogene-encoded protein kinase. 909 95


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