Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of repeated cephaloridine treatment on renal glutathione and related enzymes has been investigated in young adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were given intraperitoneally daily doses of either 750 mg/kg for two weeks or 500 or 750 mg/kg for three months. Measurement of blood and urinary parameters (electrolytes, urea, creatinine) did not reveal any renal function impairment and histological examination confirmed the absence of renal damage. By contrast, an increase in reduced glutathione (2 to 3-fold) and glutathione S-transferase activity (1.5 to 2-fold) was observed. These results are consistent with the development of an adaptative phenomenon to cephaloridine subchronic treatment in the rat, leading to a tolerance to high repeated doses.
...
PMID:Increased reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activity in chronic cephaloridine nephrotoxicity studies in the rat. 198 Apr 56

A prospective study was performed in the Dutch flower bulb culture to investigate the possible effects of subchronic exposure to the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) on liver and kidney function and on glutathione conjugation capacity in blood. Urine spot samples and venous blood samples from 14 workers applying DCP (applicators) were taken at the start of the season in July, and after the season in October. The parameters of liver function measured were: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and total bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated). Total bilirubin was significantly decreased from 9.5 before to 7.0 mumol/l after the season. In combination with an increase in serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity from 12.5 to 19.5 U/l this indicates moderate hepatic enzyme induction. To study renal function, creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin in serum, and beta 2-microglobulin, albumin, alanine aminopeptidase, beta-galactosidase, and retinol binding protein in urine were measured. The glomerular function parameters albumin in urine and creatinine in serum changed significantly during the season: albumin concentration increased from 5.2 to 7.6 mg/l, whereas creatinine concentration [corrected] decreased from 93.0 to 87.5 mumol/l. The tubular function parameter retinol binding protein also increased in concentration from 20.0 to 26.9 micrograms/l. Therefore, a subclinical nephrotoxic effect of subchronic exposure to DCP cannot be excluded. Effects on glutathione conjugation capacity were studied by measuring erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase activity and blood glutathione concentrations. The activity of glutathione S-transferase in erythrocytes was significantly decreased from 4.7 before to 3.3 U/g haemoglobin after the season. The same was true for the blood glutathione concentrations, which decreased from 0.93 to 0.82 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Biological effect monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene: effects on liver and renal function and on glutathione conjugation. 191 9

Humans are continuously exposed to naturally occurring and industrial xenobiotics in their daily lives. Heterocyclic amines, which are formed during the cooking of proteinaceous foods, have been categorized as a new class of naturally occurring xenobiotics. They are divided into 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ)- and non-IQ-types. The amounts and proportion of total mutagenicity contributed by the IQ-type heterocyclic amines in cooked food are greater than those of the non-IQ-types. Precursors of the IQ-type heterocyclic amines including IQ, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) are creatinine, amino acids and sugars in meat and fish. Both types of heterocyclic amines are carcinogenic in mice and rats. All heterocyclic amines except PhIP frequently induce cancers in the liver, while PhIP induces lymphomas in mice and carcinomas of the colon and mammary gland in rats. Based on quantitative analysis of heterocyclic amines in cooked food and levels of excretion of unchanged heterocyclic amines in human urine, total heterocyclic amine intake was calculated to be around 0.4-16 micrograms/person per day. As in the case of other naturally occurring xenobiotics, and degree of exposure is small and is presumably insufficient alone to account for the development of human cancer. Nevertheless, a linear relationship has been demonstrated between DNA adduct levels and a wide range of doses of MeIQx in animals. In addition, combined treatment with five heterocyclic amines yielded additive or synergistic effects in the development of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci. Taking these results and current observations of multiple genetic alterations in human cancers into consideration together, heterocyclic amines are probably involved in the development of human cancer in the presence of other carcinogens, tumor promoters and factors stimulating cancer progression.
...
PMID:Heterocyclic amines produced in cooked food: unavoidable xenobiotics. 213 81

Changes in body weight gain and in biochemical parameters of blood and liver were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats after multiple oral administration of three test doses of an Alberta crude oil (ACO). Rats treated with ACO (1.25-5 ml/kg) did not show statistically significant (p greater than .05) differences from control, corn-oil treated (5 ml/kg) rats, in body weight gains, liver weight, and blood biochemical indicators of liver (alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase), kidney (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), and erythrocyte (adenosine 5'-triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, reduced glutathione) cytotoxicity. Treatment with ACO, however, caused statistically significant (p less than .05) and dose-related increases from control in (1) microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 content, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (7-ECOD) activities, and (2) cytosolic glutathione transferase activity of liver. The induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in microsomes of ACO-treated rats was probably associated with dose-related changes in isozymic forms of cytochrome P-450, as evidenced by (1) appearance of a 448-nm spectral peak in microsomes of ACO-treated rats and (2) differences in the inhibition pattern of AHH and 7-ECOD activities in microsomes of control and ACO-treated rats upon treatment with metyrapone and 7,8-benzoflavone.
...
PMID:Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rats gavaged with an Alberta crude oil. 257 35

This study was undertaken to compare the sensitivity of the thyrotrophs to that of other tissues to T4 treatment in hypothyroid patients. To do so, we measured serum total and free thyroid hormones and TSH, in addition to several serum markers of peripheral tissue response to thyroid status, in 21 hypothyroid patients treated with 50-micrograms increments of T4 to a maximum of 200 micrograms daily (group I) and in 104 clinically euthyroid patients receiving a long term constant replacement dose (group II). In group I patients, dose-dependent increases (P less than 0.05) in serum glutathione S-transferase, sex hormone-binding globulin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme occurred, whereas serum T4-binding globulin, creatine kinase, and creatinine levels decreased (P less than 0.05). In both patient groups, abnormally high levels of glutathione S-transferase, sex hormone-binding globulin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase were found in some patients during treatment. One or more of these biochemical abnormalities suggestive of hyperthyroidism occurred in 15 (71%) group I patients and 27 (26%) group II patients. These were associated with an undetectable serum TSH (less than 0.1 microU/ml) and raised free T4 concentrations in 13, and raised free T3, T4, and T3 concentrations in only 8, 6, and 1 group I patients, respectively. In group II patients, they were more closely associated with an undetectable TSH (67%) or raised free T4 (85%) level than with raised concentrations of free T3 (33%), T4 (26%), or T3 (0%). The use of high sensitivity TSH assays will permit more accurate adjustment of T4 replacement and minimize abnormalities in peripheral tissue biochemistry indicative of overtreatment.
...
PMID:Relationship between pituitary and other target organ responsiveness in hypothyroid patients receiving thyroxine replacement. 379 54

The effects of chronic lead administration on renal function and cytoarchitecture and on the immunohistochemical localization of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes were determined. Pregnant rats were given 250 ppm lead acetate in drinking water from conception until weaning and mothers and pups received 500 ppm of lead acetate from weaning until termination at either 3 or 7 weeks of age. Light and electron microscopic studies after 3 weeks of lead administration showed tubular injury with frequent mitoses noted in proximal tubular cells and, after 7 weeks of treatment, interstitial fibrosis, characteristic intranuclear inclusions, and tubular injury characterized by both nuclear and cytoplasmic pleomorphism. Rats treated with lead for 7 weeks showed significantly lower body weights and creatinine clearances than age-matched control animals. Immunohistochemical studies of glutathione transferase subunits in control rats showed unique isoform localization in each segment of the nephron; treatment with lead caused large increases in immunoreactive protein of Yc, Yk, Yb1, and Yp GST subunits in proximal tubules. No increases in the antioxidant enzymes copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were found in lead-treated rats, but there was a diffuse lead-related increase in immunoreactive protein for manganese superoxide dismutase throughout the renal cortex. Our results demonstrate large lead-induced increases of specific isoforms of glutathione S-transferase in specific kidney cell types and show that these increases preceded irreversible renal damage.
...
PMID:Effects of lead administration on developing rat kidney. II. Functional, morphologic, and immunohistochemical studies. 787 83

Glutathione transferase-pi released from kidney tubular epithelial cells was analyzed in the urine of recipients of renal allografts. Urinary content of alpha-class glutathione transferase was also determined for comparison. Control urine from healthy individuals contained detectable levels of the pi-isoenzyme (6.6 +/- 0.46 ng/ml, mean +/- SEM) and this concentration was not increased in the urine of patients demonstrating cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity (6.3 +/- 0.29 ng/ml), in contrast to the alpha-form. Acute rejection increased excretion of the pi-isoenzyme (19.0 +/- 2.0 ng/ml), but not of the alpha-glutathione transferase. Thus, while the serum creatinine level increases in connection with both cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity and acute rejection, analyses of urinary glutathione transferases distinguish well between these conditions. Acute tubular necrosis and renal transplant infarction resulted in a rapid elevation in urinary levels of both alpha- and pi-transferase. The advantages of this approach are that release of the protein into the urine occurs rapidly after tubular damage, the assay is sensitive and specific and can also distinguish between certain pathological conditions. These studies thus indicate that the urinary level of glutathione transferase-pi can be used for monitoring certain pathological processes in the kidney. Quantitation of this enzyme complements the information obtained by measurement of glutathione transferase-alpha.
...
PMID:Urinary pi-class glutathione transferase as an indicator of tubular damage in the human kidney. 793 21

The effect of oral administration of vanadate (100, 200 and 400 nM for 30 days) on the activity of the detoxifying enzyme system glutathione S-transferase (GST) in rat liver and in several extrahepatic tissues was examined. Vanadate showed a high activity as GST inducer in liver and in small intestine mucosa followed by large intestine mucosa and kidney in a dose-dependent manner. No significant alterations in GST activity were observed in forestomach and lung tissues after vanadate. Vanadate treatment that resulted in an enhancement of GST activity impaired neither hepatic nor renal function as evidenced by serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, urea, and creatinine. Since the ability to induce an increase of detoxifying enzyme activity by anticarcinogenic agents was found to correlate with their activity in the inhibition of tumorigenesis, the trace element vanadium might be considered a potential cancer chemopreventive agent.
...
PMID:Selective enhancement of glutathione S-transferase activity in liver and extrahepatic tissues of rat following oral administration of vanadate. 820 78

Feeding diets depleted of vitamin E and Se to cattle can induce a disease known as nutritional degenerative myopathy. It is believed that an increased peroxidative challenge in muscle is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. A number of species can up-regulate the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), in an attempt to mitigate the effects of a peroxidative challenge. A 2 x 2 factorial study was set up to examine possible changes in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes in muscles of ruminant calves fed on diets low in either vitamin E or Se. Four groups of four calves each were fed on a basal diet of NaOH-treated barley which was supplemented with alpha-tocopherol or Se or both for a total of 50 weeks. Calves fed on diets depleted of vitamin E, but not those fed on diets low in Se, developed subclinical myopathy, as judged by increases in the activity of plasma creatinine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), and had increased muscle concentrations of two indices of lipid peroxidation, namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, with and without ascorbate activation. Feeding diets depleted of vitamin E and diets low in Se both increased muscle activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in heart, biceps and supraspinatus. This change may have occurred in an attempt to maintain intracellular pools of reduced glutathione. No other changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed.
...
PMID:Antioxidant enzyme activity in the muscles of calves depleted of vitamin E or selenium or both. 826 Apr 86

Present package labeling for sevoflurane recommends the use of fresh gas flow rates of 2 L/min or more when delivering anesthesia with sevoflurane. This recommendation resulted from a concern about the potential nephrotoxicity of a degradation product of sevoflurane, "Compound A," produced by the action of carbon dioxide absorbents on sevoflurane. To assess the adequacy of this recommendation, we compared the nephrotoxicity of 8 h of 1.25 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) sevoflurane (n = 10) versus desflurane (n = 9) in fluid-restricted (i.e., nothing by mouth overnight) volunteers when the anesthetic was given in a standard circle absorber anesthetic system at 2 L/min. Subjects were tested for markers of renal injury (urinary albumin, glucose, alpha-glutathione-S-transferase [GST], and pi-GST; and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) before and 1, 2, 3, and/or 5-7 days after anesthesia. Desflurane did not produce renal injury. Rebreathing of sevoflurane produced average inspired concentrations of Compound A of 41 +/- 3 ppm (mean +/- SD). Sevoflurane was associated with transient injury to: 1) the glomerulus, as revealed by postanesthetic albuminuria; 2) the proximal tubule, as revealed by postanesthetic glucosuria and increased urinary alpha-GST; and 3) the distal tubule, as revealed by postanesthetic increased urinary pi-GST. These effects varied greatly (e.g., on postanesthesia Day 3, the 24-h albumin excretion was < 0.03 g (normal) for one volunteer; 0.03-1 g for five others; 1-2 g for two others; 2.1 g for one volunteer; and 4.4 g for another volunteer). Neither anesthetic affected serum creatinine or BUN, nor changed the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine in response to vasopressin, 5 U/70 kg subcutaneously (i.e., these measures failed to reveal the injury produced). In addition, sevoflurane, but not desflurane, caused small postanesthetic increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), suggesting mild, transient hepatic injury.
...
PMID:Nephrotoxicity of sevoflurane versus desflurane anesthesia in volunteers. 945 67


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---