Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The presence of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450 IA1 dependent), glutathione S-transferase, two distinct forms of epoxide hydrolases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases was detected in H5-6 hepatoma cell homogenates using model substrates, selective inhibitors and specific antibodies. 2. The activity of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase decreased strongly at the first days after plating and remained at a minimal value (1.5 pmol/min per mg) after 5 days of culture. 3. The hydratation of trans-stilbene oxide catalyzed by the soluble form of epoxide hydrolase was very low (11.0 pmol/min per mg), whereas the hepatoma cells contained appreciable amounts of the membrane-bound epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase measured with cis-stilbene oxide as substrate (maximal specific activity: 1.46 and 2.73 nmol/min per mg, respectively). 4. These cells also glucuronidated 1-naphthol efficiently (6 nmol/min per mg) and, at a lower extent, bilirubin (12 pmol/min per mg). 5. Addition of fenofibrate (70 microM) into the culture medium for 1-3 days failed to significantly stimulate the activity of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. Only bilirubin glucuronidation increased 2-fold after 2 days of presence of the drug.
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PMID:Expression of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydrolases, glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in H5-6 hepatoma cells. 193 1

The drug-metabolizing enzymes of olfactory and respiratory epithelium of cattle were determined. The data of nasal tissues were compared to those of bovine liver. Both oxidative and nonoxidative enzyme activities were investigated. Many compounds including testosterone were used as substrates for the P450-dependent monooxygenase activities. The results demonstrated that the P450 content and all the activities assayed including reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase were much higher in the olfactory than in the respiratory mucosa and for some activities (hexamethyl-phosphoramide and dimethylnitrosamine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase) the values in the olfactory tissue were even markedly higher than those of liver. Also the activities of some nonoxidative enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronyl-transferase, and epoxide hydrolase were higher in the olfactory than in the respiratory mucosa but lower than in liver. The results taken together suggest that the olfactory and respiratory epithelium of cattle, which contain in addition to a wide array of nonoxidative enzymes multiple forms of P450, can be useful and easily available tissues to study the biotransformation processes of odorants.
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PMID:Drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver, olfactory, and respiratory epithelium of cattle. 194 98

Until now, no data are available concerning the biotransformation and toxicity of 2-methylpropene (or isobutene), a gaseous alkene widely used in industry (rubber, fuel additives, plastic polymers, adhesives, antioxidants). In this work, the biotransformation of 2-methylpropene (MP) has been studied, using total liver homogenates of mice, supplemented with a NADPH-generating system. In analogy to other olefins, 2-methylpropene is metabolized to its epoxide 2-methyl-1,2-epoxypropane (MEP), as proved by the identification by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The epoxidation is cytochrome P-450 dependent, as shown by experiments in the absence of the NADPH-generating system and in the presence of various concentrations of metyrapone and SKF 525-A, two known inhibitors of the mono-oxygenases. A simple gas chromatographic headspace method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the epoxide formed. The formation of MEP is never linear in function of time and it reaches a maximum after 20 min. Thereafter is decreases continuously to undetectable levels. This observation can be explained by the immediate action of epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase, converting the epoxide to 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and to the glutathione conjugate respectively. The involvement of both enzymes has been demonstrated by the addition of 3,3,3-trichloropropene oxide and indomethacin. These inhibitors of, respectively, epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase increase the epoxide formation in a significant way. The actual concentration of MEP is therefore not only dependent on its formation by cytochrome P-450 dependent mono-oxygenases, but also on its conversion by epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase, both very active in liver tissue.
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PMID:In vitro biotransformation of 2-methylpropene (isobutene): epoxide formation in mice liver. 195 44

trans-beta-Ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide, a substrate of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, and 4-fluorochalcone oxide, an inhibitor of this enzyme, were investigated on induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes. Both epoxides enhanced the frequency of SCE. 4-Fluorochalcone oxide at low concentration (2.5 microM) inhibited cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity towards trans-beta-ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide in lymphocytes by 74% and had no effect on glutathione transferase activity using this substrate. At this concentration it did not induce SCE itself, but it potentiated the effect of trans-beta-ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide several fold. In lymphocytes from different subjects, the number of SCE induced by a low concentration of trans-beta-ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide correlated negatively with the individual cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity (r = -0.72; -0.73 in two series of experiments). The number of SCE induced by a high concentration of trans-beta-ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide did not correlate with cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity (r = 0.004; -0.24), but a negative correlation was found with glutathione transferase activity (r = -0.50). This finding is consistent with the results of biochemical studies in lymphocytes in which we determined the relative contribution of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferase to the metabolism of trans-beta-ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide at varying substrate concentrations. The study demonstrates that the level of genotoxic effects induced in human lymphocytes is influenced by the individual level of detoxifying enzymes. At low concentrations, cytosolic epoxide hydrolase was more important than glutathione transferase activity.
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PMID:Influence of the level of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase on the induction of sister chromatid exchanges by trans-beta-ethylstyrene 7,8-oxide in human lymphocytes. 195 32

Four novel nontransformed epithelial cell lines, isolated from fetal or adult mouse liver, were tested: (a) to determine the profile of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes; (b) to evaluate the inducibility of the polysubstrate (cytochrome P-450-dependent) monooxygenase system by various classes of inducers; and (c) to assess the capacity of the cells to metabolize structurally different procarcinogens. With regard to the phase I pathway, the cells expressed various P-450 (class IA, IA2, IIB, IIE1, IIIA) and flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing monooxygenase-dependent bio-transformation enzyme activities at levels (in lines C2.8 and C6) comparable with those present in murine adult liver preparations. The expression of various P-450s was demonstrated also by immunoprecipitation assays using rabbit polyclonal antibodies. For the phase II pathway, cells expressed substantial levels of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione S-epoxide transferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Low expression of epoxide hydrolase was observed. Induction of P-450 function by sodium phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, ethanol, and pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile, monitored using specific P-450-linked activities, was considerably elevated (over 5-fold in class IIB with the C2.8 and C6 cell lines). The most competent C2.8 and C6 cell lines were able to activate benzo(a)pyrene, cyclophosphamide, dimethylnitrosamine, diethylstilbestrol, and 2-naphthylamine as shown by the significantly increased frequencies of mitotic gene conversion, mitotic crossing-over, and point [reverse] mutation in the diploid D7 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 4 [cyclophosphamide], 24 [benzo(a)pyrene,2-naphthylamine, dimethylnitrosamine] or 48 [diethylstilbestrol], h of exposure in the presence of 3 x 10(6) cells/flask. The degree of conservation and the inducibility of representative oxidative and postoxidative reactions in the novel epithelial cell lines C2.8 and C6, together with their ability to activate a wide spectrum of procarcinogens, offers a means to study the potential of chemicals for inducing DNA damage in short-term genotoxicity testing. In addition the cells may be suitable for analyzing the metabolic disposition of compounds and the multistage process of carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Expression and inducibility of drug-metabolizing enzymes in novel murine liver epithelial cell lines and their ability to activate procarcinogens. 198 92

Study of oxidative and non-oxidative xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes was undertaken in microsomal and cytosolic fractions of two human livers, 10 individual and several pooled samples of human respiratory nasal mucosa obtained by surgical operation of male and female patients affected by hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates. The purity of nasal microsomes was checked by electron microscopy and marker enzyme assay. The pooled samples of respiratory nasal epithelium contained, relative to liver, a low amount of cytochrome P450 (about 25 pmol/mg protein) and associated biotransformation activities, and a low level of other components of the mixed-function oxidase system such as cytochrome b5, NADH and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase however the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity was comparable to that of liver. The P450-dependent monooxygenase activities such as ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and the dimethylnitrosamine N-demethylase were found in nearly all nasal microsomal specimens. The aniline hydroxylase and the aminopyrine or hexamethylphosphoramide N-demethylases were detected only in the pooled nasal samples. With regard to the non-oxidative enzymes, the activities of glutathione S-transferase, DT-diaphorase, epoxide hydrolase, UDP-glucuronyl-transferase, carbonyl reductase, benzaldehyde and propionaldehyde dehydrogenases, were investigated both in the individual and pooled nasal tissues and livers. These activities were similar in nasal and liver tissue, except for UDP-glucuronyltransferase which was not detected in nasal mucosa. The present findings demonstrate that the respiratory section of human nose contains a wide array of oxidative and non-oxidative enzymes, which could play a crucial role in the bioactivation or detoxication in situ of inhaled xenobiotics.
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PMID:Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in human respiratory nasal mucosa. 198 28

In the present study, we investigated Phase I (cytochrome P450; DT-diaphorase, DTD) and Phase II (epoxide hydrolase, EH; glutathione-S-transferases, GSTs) enzymes in normal colon from patients without colorectal adenocarcinoma and in peritumoral and tumoral tissues from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. No significant changes in levels of cytochrome P450IIIA4 (the only P450 detectable in this tissue), EH, GSTs and DTD activity were found between normal and peritumoral tissues. In tumoral tissue, compared with peritumoral tissues, we observed significant decreases in cytochrome P450IIIA4 (-50%, P less than 0.002) and EH (-60%, P less than 0.03), no change in DTD activity and significant increases in GST pi (+40%, P less than 0.03) and total GST activity (+30%, P less than 0.01). The numerous changes observed in tumoral tissues suggest that variations in drug-metabolizing enzyme expression in colorectal adenomatous polyps could represent pretumoral markers. Moreover, a better understanding of the expression of these enzymes in tumoral tissues would help us to choose the most appropriate colon tumor cell lines for the testing of new anti-cancer drugs.
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PMID:Drug-metabolizing enzyme expression in human normal, peritumoral and tumoral colorectal tissue samples. 202 56

Male mice were treated (i.p.) for 3 days with 15 different environmentally encountered epoxides, and the effects of these compounds on liver microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (mEH and cEH), glutathione S-transferase (mGST and cGST) and carboxylesterase (mCE) activities were determined. The epoxides included the pesticides: heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, tridiphane, and juvenoid R-20458; the natural products: disparlure, limonin, nomilin, and epoxymethyloleate; the endogenous steroids: lanosterol epoxide, cholesterol-alpha-epoxide, and progesterone epoxide; and the industrial or synthetic epoxides: epichlorohydrin, araldite, trans-stilbene oxide, and 4'-phenylchalcone oxide. The pesticide epoxides were the most effective inducers of liver weight, microsomal protein, and the enzyme activities measured, with mEH and cEH activities towards cis-stilbene oxide (mEHcso and cEHcso), cGST activities towards four of five substrates, and mCE towards clofibrate (mCEclof) and p-nitrophenylacetate (mCEpna) increased following treatment with most of the pesticides. The synthetic epoxides increased some of the same activities, while the natural products, except for increases in cGST activities, and endogenous steroid epoxides were generally not inductive. cEH activity towards trans-stilbene oxide (cEHtso) was increased only following treatment with the peroxisome proliferator, tridiphane, but decreased following treatment with several of the epoxides, while microsomal cholesterol epoxide hydrolase (mEHchol) was increased only moderately by disparlure. Microsomes could effectively conjugate glutathione to chlorodinitrobenzene (mGSTcdnb) and cis-stilbene oxide (mGSTcso). These two activities were differentially induced by a few of the epoxides, suggesting that they may be selective substrates for different isozymes of mGST. Correlation coefficients were determined for the relative response of liver weight, subfraction protein, and enzyme activities. A relatively high correlation was found between the response of liver weight and cytosolic hydrolysis of trans-stilbene oxide (r = 0.73) and cis-stilbene oxide (r = 0.62), and cytosolic glutathione conjugation of dichloronitrobenzene (r = 0.66) and trans-stilbene oxide (r = 0.75). In addition, relatively high correlations were found between the different cGST activities, in particular for dichloronitrobenzene with trans-stilbene oxide (r = 0.89). These studies show that there exists a wide variation in the response of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to environmentally encountered epoxides and that a fairly strong correlation exists between the increases in liver size and increases in certain cytosolic enzyme activities; they also suggest further studies concerning the possibility of an additional isozyme of mGST.
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PMID:Effects of environmentally encountered epoxides on mouse liver epoxide-metabolizing enzymes. 204 52

We demonstrate the possibility of automation of whole-cell functionality assays, e.g., mitogen-activated DNA synthesis, DNA repair synthesis, and assessment of drug-metabolizing enzymes, by use of magnetic separation technology. We have attached antibody-coupled magnetic microspheres to the surface of human T-lymphocytes before performing various assays. Evaluating the biological functions of T-cells estimated by the DNA-synthesis assays showed that the presence of antibody-coupled magnetic microspheres did not affect the results (P greater than 0.05). The concentration of adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.30) was shown to be influenced by the magnetic microspheres. However, the amount of enzyme activity induced by oxidative stress was not significantly altered. The results from assays of the phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) and epoxide hydrolase (EC 3.3.2.3) as well as evaluation of the proliferative response of polyclonal activators (phytohemagglutinin, staphylococcal enterotoxin A, and pokeweed mitogen) support our conclusion that assays can be performed on viable magnetized cells. The use of magnetized cells holds promise for further applications in automated genotoxic and immunological cell assays of mononuclear leukocyte subsets. Laboratory robotics will be essential in bringing these assays into routine use.
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PMID:Magnetically tagged subsets of human lymphocytes for assays with laboratory robotics. 211 12

The direct molecular weight determination and structural analysis of polypeptides and peptide mixtures have become amenable by the recent development of fast atom bombardment (FABMS) and 252Cf-plasma desorption (PDMS) mass spectrometry. FABMS and PDMS peptide mapping, i.e., the direct analysis of peptide mixtures resulting from proteolytic digestion, have been developed as powerful methods for the structural characterization of epoxide-metabolizing isoenzymes. The major advantage of this approach is provided by the selectivity of the endoproteolytic cleavage, combined with the specific and accurate molecular weight determination of complex digest mixtures containing peptides up to several thousands daltons in size. Furthermore, the mass spectrometric peptide mapping analysis can be combined with a range of protein-chemical modification reactions and with sequential degradation such as by carboxypeptidases. Both FABMS and PDMS peptide mapping have already been successfully applied to the structural differentiation of glutathione transferase and epoxide hydrolase isoenzymes in cases where references sequence data for at least one isoenzyme form was available. In the application described here, for a series of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH) isoenzymes with hitherto undetermined primary structures, a direct correlation between the structural differentiation from peptide mapping data and differences in their substrate specificities could be demonstrated. The mass spectrometric peptide mapping analysis of isoenzymes proved to be an efficient basis for the elucidation of the structure of one major DDH isoenzyme form; partial sequence data for this protein are reported.
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PMID:Mass spectrometric peptide mapping analysis and structural characterization of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoenzymes. 227 34


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