Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
 22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of glutathione depletor diethylmaleate on rat hepatic glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase was studied in vivo and in vitro. When diethylmaleate (600 mg/kg) was given i.p. to rats, liver glutathione was depleted within 2 h and recovered to the control level 5 h after diethylmaleate treatment. Both glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase activities in microsomes, not in cytosol, were markedly increased during glutathione depletion and only glutathione S-transferase activity remained at high levels after recovery of the glutathione content. The increase in microsomal glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase activities with concomitant exhaustion of glutathione was also observed by perfusion of the isolated liver with diethylmaleate (10 mM). When liver microsomes were incubated with diethylmaleate in vitro at 37 degrees C, glutathione S-transferase, but not peroxidase, activity was increased; the increase was not reversed by dithiothreitol. These results indicate that diethylmaleate activates microsomal glutathione S-transferase by direct reaction to the enzyme during glutathione depletion and suggest that glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity in the microsomal enzyme may be differently regulated.
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PMID:Activation of hepatic microsomal glutathione S-transferase of rats by a glutathione depletor, diethylmaleate. 128 82

The incubation of human erythrocytes with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) results in almost quantitative conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to form S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) glutathione. The reaction is catalysed by erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase. During the present studies we have identified the conjugate in the incubation medium of CDNB-treated erythrocytes, indicating that the conjugate of GSH and CDNB is transported out by the erythrocytes. Quantitation of the conjugate in the incubation medium by amino acid analysis and thin layer chromatography indicates that the erythrocytes transport the conjugate at an approximate rate of 140 nmol/h/ml erythrocytes. The transport of the conjugate is inhibited by sodium fluoride. Exhaustion of ATP from the erythrocytes results in a significant decrease in the rate of transport which is restored with the regeneration of ATP by incubating the erythrocytes with adenine and inosine. This indicates that the transport of conjugate is an energy dependent process.
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PMID:Detoxification of xenobiotics by glutathione S-transferases in erythrocytes: the transport of the conjugate of glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 663 85

The aims of our study were to assess whether endurance training strengthens glutathione-dependent antioxidant defenses and decreases oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were divided into trained and untrained groups, which were further divided into resting and acute exercise groups. Endurance training consisted of treadmill running for 8 weeks. For acute exhaustive exercise, graded treadmill running was conducted until exhaustion. Eight weeks' treadmill training increased the endurance, favorably decreased lipid peroxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances but not conjugated dienes levels in kidney and vastus lateralis muscle and upregulated glutathione peroxidase in red gastrocnemius muscle. However, it adversely decreased total glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity in kidney. Acute exhaustive exercise up-regulated glutathione peroxidase activity in liver. Endurance training did not prevent the increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level in liver due to acute exhaustive exercise. Activities of glutathione disulfide reductase and glutathione S-transferase were not affected. Even though endurance training appeared to upregulate glutathione dependent antioxidant defense in skeletal muscle and to decrease lipid peroxidation in kidney and vastus lateralis muscle as measured by TBARS, our results suggests that beneficial effects of 8 weeks of endurance training are limited in this rat model of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Effects of endurance training on tissue glutathione homeostasis and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1213 49

Aquatic organisms are exposed to a variety of natural chemical stressors such as humic substances. The aim of this study was to investigate the mode of action of natural organic matter (NOM, roughly 80% of which is humic substances) on two freshwater amphipods from Lake Baikal, Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Gerstf.) and Eulimnogammarus cyaneus (Dyb.), in order to assess the potential oxidative stress of NOM impact. Chosen as oxidative stress markers were lipid peroxidation and cell internal hydrogen peroxide level as well as peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activities. Exposure of amphipods to NOM caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation but a concomitant decrease in hydrogen peroxide concentration, and peroxidase and (to a lesser degree) glutathione S-transferase activities. An interim increase of catalase activity was observed. A possible reason for the decrease in major antioxidant enzyme activity is exhaustion of the reservoir of reduced substrates in the first stage of the antioxidant defense reaction. Despite the inhibition of major antioxidant enzymes, the studied amphipods were able to successfully resist the NOM oxidative impact and, at low NOM concentrations, to combat lipid peroxidation processes.
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PMID:Specific antioxidant reactions to oxidative stress promoted by natural organic matter in two amphipod species from Lake Baikal. 1652 84

The aim of this study was to investigate whether an 8-week treadmill training attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Male rats were divided into untrained and trained groups. Endurance training consisted of treadmill running at a speed of 2.1 km/h, 1.5 h/day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. To see the effects of endurance training on acute exhaustive exercise induced oxidative stress, untrained and trained rats were further devided into two groups: animals killed at rest and those killed after acute exhaustive exercise, in which the rats run at 2.1 km/h (10% uphill) until exhaustion. Acute exhaustive exercise increased malondialdehyde level in untrained but not in trained rats. It decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and total (enzymatic plus non-enzymatic) superoxide scavenger activity in untrained rats and catalase activity in trained rats. However, it did not affect glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and non-enzymatic superoxide radical scavenger activities in both trained and untrained rats. On the other hand, endurance training decreased glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities. The results suggested that endurance training attenuated exercise-induced oxidative stress in liver, probably by preventing the decreases in glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide scavenger activities during exercise.
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PMID:Endurance training attenuates the oxidative stress due to acute exhaustive exercise in rat liver. 1900 10

Regular physical exercise beneficially influences cardiac antioxidant defenses in normal rats. The aim of this study was to test whether endurance training can strengthen glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense mechanism and decrease lipid peroxidation in heart of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Redox status of glutathione in blood of diabetic rats in response to training and acute exercise was also examined. Eight weeks of treadmill training increased the endurance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. It did not affect glutathione level in heart tissue at rest and also after exercise. On the other hand, endurance training decreased glutathione peroxidase activity in heart, while glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities were not affected either by acute exhaustive exercise or endurance training. Reduced and oxidized glutathione levels in blood were not affected by either training or acute exercise. Conjugated dienes levels in heart tissue were increased by acute exhaustive exercise and also 8 weeks treadmill training. Longer duration of exhaustion in trained group may have contributed to the increased conjugated dienes levels in heart after acute exercise. Our results suggest that endurance type exercise may make heart more susceptible to oxidative stress. Therefore it may be wise to combine aerobic exercise with insulin treatment to prevent its adverse effects on antioxidant defense in heart in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Endurance training and glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense mechanism in heart of the diabetic rats. 2461 11

Features of free radical processes and their impact on the implementation of immunocompetent cells of their functions under conditions of peptic ulcer are insufficiently studied today. Reduced activity of catalase 1.7 and 3.4 times and that of glutathione peroxidise ~ 2.0 times, accordingly, were observed in both models of gastric ulceration (stress ulcer and ethanol one). Enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase decreased 1.5 times and activity of glutathione transferase increased 1.8 times in the stress model in contrast to the ethanol model of stomach ulcer. Obtained results indicate the exhaustion of antioxidant system in rats' thymocytes under experi- mental ulcerogenesis. These data confirm complex negative effect of ulcer on the organism.
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PMID:[State of antioxidant system of rat thymocytes in experimental ulcerogenesis]. 2550 91

We studied activities of antioxidant system enzymes in tissues of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. It was shown that the development of pathology is accompanied by deformation of the neurons and axonal degeneration, intensification of free radical oxidation, exhaustion of the reduced glutathione pool, and multidirectional changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes in rat tissues. The observed imbalance in the antioxidant defense system can be associated with excessive glutathione utilization in the glutathione transferase reaction and different severity of the pathological process in the brain and spinal cord. The received data necessitate the search for compounds that can prevent inhibition of antioxidant system components in order to analyze the possibility of their use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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PMID:Activity of Antioxidant Defense Enzymes in Rats with Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. 3232 34