Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
 22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of either 2.5 mg/kg Body Weight or 5 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) doses of isoflavones on semen quality, testosterone levels, lipid peroxidation and semen biochemistry of male New Zealand White rabbits. Animals were given both 2.5 mg/kg BW and 5 mg/kg BW doses of isoflavones. The tested doses were given to rabbits orally every other day for 13 weeks. Treatment with isoflavones caused an increase (p < 0.05) in libido (by decreasing the reaction time), sperm concentration, sperm motility (%), total motile sperm per ejaculate (TMS), packed sperm volume (PSV), total functional sperm fraction (TFSF), total sperm output, initial fructose concentration and normal sperm, while dead sperm was reduced compared to control animals. On the other hand, ejaculate volume, initial hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and plasma testosterone levels did not change in treated animals with both doses of isoflavones as compared to control. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), total lipids, and low density lipoprotein were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in seminal plasma of rabbits treated with either 2.5 mg/kg BW or 5 mg/kg BW doses of isoflavones. While, the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in seminal plasma of treated animals. Also, total cholesterol, percentage cholesterol (out of total lipids), and high density lipoprotein were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while triglyceride did not change in seminal plasma of treated animals. Supplementation at either level of isoflavones did not cause changes in live body weight (LBW), dry matter intake (DMI), and relative weights of testes and epididymis. The present results showed that either 2.5 mg/kg BW or 5 mg/kg BW doses of isoflavones caused an improvement of some semen characteristics and did not have negative effects on male fertility.
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PMID:Effect of isoflavones on reproductive performance, testosterone levels, lipid peroxidation, and seminal plasma biochemistry of male rabbits. 1562 89

Stannous chloride (SnCl2) is widely used in daily human life to conserve soft drinks, in food manufacturing and biocidal preparations. It had genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. Therefore, the present experiment was carried out to determine the effectiveness of l-ascorbic acid (AA) in alleviating the toxicity of SnCl2 on some enzyme activities and oxidative damage in male New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 0 mg AA and 0 mg SnCl2/kg BW (control); 40 mg AA/kg BW; 20 mg SnCl2/kg BW (1/500 LD50); 20 mg SnCl2 plus 40 mg AA/kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered the respective doses every other day for 12 weeks. Liver and kidney specimens were processed for histopathologic studies. Results obtained showed that SnCl2 significantly (P < 0.05) induced free radicals in rabbit liver, testes, kidney, lung, brain and heart. While, the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the level of sulfhydryl groups (SH-group) were decreased (P < 0.05) in all tested organs except brain and heart. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was increased (P < 0.05) in liver and decreased in testes, but alanine aminotransferase (ALT) did not change. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) were decreased (P < 0.05) in liver, testes, kidney and lung. Also, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly decreased in brain and plasma of rabbits treated with SnCl2 compared to control group. Histopathologic studies showed marked changes in hepatocytes as well as proliferation of duct epithelium, dilatation and congestion of blood vessels as well as mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. The kidney were also severely affected by SnCl2 the Bowman's space was increased, with infiltration of renal parenchyma by mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and changes in cells lining convoluted tubule. Ascorbic acid alone significantly decreased the levels of free radicals, and increased the activity of GST and the levels of SH groups in tested organs except brain and heart. While, the rest of the tested parameters were not affected. Results showed that AA alleviated the harmful effects of SnCl2. This was proved histopathologically by the great improvement in liver and kidney histology where hepatocytes retained normal architecture with mild dilatation and congestion of blood vessels. Bowman's space of kidney was almost normal, with normal lining of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. In conclusion AA could be effective in the protection against stannous chloride toxicity.
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PMID:Stannous chloride induces alterations in enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and histopathology in male rabbit: antioxidant role of vitamin C. 1605 10

Aluminium (Al) has been proposed as an environmental factor that may contribute to some diseases, affect several enzymes and other biomolecules and induced free radical-mediated cytotoxicity. Also, Al induced reproductive toxicity and exerted a significant adverse effect on the steroidogenesis. The antioxidant ascorbic acid (AA) plays an important role in various physiological processes in the body including detoxification of different toxic materials. Therefore, the present investigation aimed to elucidate possible protective effects of AA in alleviating the toxicity of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) on reproductive performance, lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities in seminal plasma of male New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits per group were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0 mg AA and 0 mg AlCl3 /kg body weight (BW) (control); 40 mg AA/kg BW; 34 mg AlCl3 /kg BW; 34 mg AlCl3 plus 40 mg AA/kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered their respective doses every other day for 16 weeks. Results obtained showed that AlCl3 significantly (P<0.05) decreased libido (by increasing the reaction time), ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm output, sperm motility (%), total motile sperm per ejaculate (TMS), packed sperm volume (PSV), total functional sperm fraction (TFSF), normal and live sperm and semen initial fructose. While initial hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and dead and abnormal sperm were increased (P<0.05). Live body weight (LBW), feed intake (FI) and relative weights of testes (RTW) and epididymis (REW) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in seminal plasma of rabbits treated with AlCl3 compared with control. While, activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and acid phosphatase (AcP) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Ascorbic acid alone significantly increased LBW, FI, RTW, REW, semen characteristics and seminal plasma enzymes, and decreased the levels of free radicals. Also, the present study showed that ascorbic acid might be effective in the protection of aluminium-induced reproductive toxicity. It was suggested that AlCl3 exerted a significant adverse effect on reproductive performance of male rabbits. Furthermore, AA could be able to antagonize the toxic effects of AlCl3 and improved semen quality of male rabbit.
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PMID:Aluminium-induced deterioration in reproductive performance and seminal plasma biochemistry of male rabbits: protective role of ascorbic acid. 1609 53

The aim of this work was to investigate the protective role of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae against the hepatotoxic effect of the drug flutamide that is widely used for treatment of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Administration of flutamide to adult male rats in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. daily for 15 days resulted in serious hepatic injury. Highly significant increase in each of serum ALT, ALP, bilirubin, bile acids and cholesterol level, relative to the control group, was observed. Also, a highly significant increase in the serum glutathione-S-transferase isoforms: alpha-GST and pi-GST and each of TNF-alpha and NO levels was recorded. Moreover, highly significant decrease in hepatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities was observed. In addition, the authors noticed a significant increase in serum testosterone levels with concomitant highly significant increase in serum acid phosphatase activity. Prophylactic treatment of male rats with baker's yeast in a dose of 4.8 mg/kg b.w. daily for 15 days, followed by a combination of flutamide (100 mg/kg b.w.) and yeast (4.8 mg/kg b.w.) daily for other 15 days resulted in marked improvement in rat's liver function, whereas the serum testosterone and acid phosphatase levels retained values parallel to those recorded for the flutamide-treated rats. Histological examination of liver tissues showed that flutamide caused hydropic degeneration, necrotic areas and marked increase in Kupffer cells. The central vein is congested with blood and signs of apoptosis appeared in the hepatocytes in the form of fragmentation of the nuclei and blebbing of the cytoplasm. On the other hand, in the rats treated with both yeast and flutamide, the hepatic cords were more regularly arranged, signs of degeneration or apoptosis were less pronounced and some hepatocytes appeared binucleated. The authors postulate that each one of the powerful antioxidative components in S. cerevisiae effectively participated in attenuation of the oxidative stress caused by flutamide metabolites, and in promoting regeneration of new hepatocytes and meanwhile could restore liver function beyond normal status.
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PMID:Saccharomyces cerevisiae intervention for relieving flutamide-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. 1622 70

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are metallo-phosphoesterases. Their expression and function have not been systematically investigated in higher plants. In this work, we compared the transcript levels of 28 Arabidopsis PAP (AtPAP) genes in five Arabidopsis organs. The 28 members, although differed in their expression patterns in vegetative organs, were all transcribed in flower. Furthermore, the transcription of seven members (AtPAPs 6, 11, 14, 19, 23, 24 and 25) occurred predominantly in the flower. To begin dissecting the role of AtPAP genes in flower development, further expression and functional analyses were conducted using AtPAP23. Histochemical staining of transgenic plants expressing AtPAP23 promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene construct revealed that AtPAP23 transcription was strong in flower apical meristems, but became restricted to petals and anther filaments in fully developed flower. A GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusion protein of AtPAP23 (GST:AtPAP23) was expressed in bacterial cells, and was found to contain significant amounts of Fe and Mn (whereas the control GST protein contained none). In biochemical tests, GST:AtPAP23 showed typical acid phosphatase activities. The fusion protein was also highly active on phosphoserine, but not phosphotyrosine. Despite its highly specific expression pattern and the demonstrated biochemical function of its protein product, the RNAi (RNA interference), T-DNA knock-out and overexpression lines of AtPAP23 were indistinguishable from wild type plants in the development of flower (or other organs). Interestingly, the Fe and Mn contents were found significantly increased in AtPAP23 overexpression lines, which may offer a new direction for further functional studies of AtPAPs in Arabidopsis.
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PMID:Expression patterns of purple acid phosphatase genes in Arabidopsis organs and functional analysis of AtPAP23 predominantly transcribed in flower. 1624 8

Karakaya Dam Lake (KDL) is one of the most important water sources, both for irrigation and fishery, located in eastern part of Turkey. This study is concerned with the pollution of the lake contributed by urban, industrial and agricultural activities. The parameters selected for this aim were the enzymes commonly used as biomarkers of environmental pollution. The activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) has been determined in liver tissue samples of Cyprinus carpio, a representative species of KDL. Furthermore, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity which is mainly affected by pesticides such as organophosphates, has been assayed. Chemical analysis results showed that KDL was polluted by various heavy metals as it was apparent from water, sediment and gill tissue. The activity of brain AChE was significantly lower in all localities than Tecimli area (St-5) where there is no agricultural and industrial activities in the immediate periphery. Thus, this change of AChE activity may relate to agricultural pollution in KDL. On the other hand, no significant differences were found for selected enzyme biomarkers, but condition factor (CF) or hepatosomatic index were significantly different from the St-5 samples, a result that may be attributed to water pollution in KDL by various contaminants.
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PMID:Monitoring the effects of water pollution on Cyprinus carpio in Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. 1637 66

Propolis, a natural beehive product has been known for centuries for a variety of beneficial traditional medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to ascertain the antineoplastic potential of propolis along with paclitaxel against experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Female Sprague Dawley rats at 55 days of age were treated with dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to induce breast cancer. Paclitaxel at a dose of 33 mg/kg body mass intraperitoneally and propolis 50 mg/kg body weight orally was administered to the experimental animals, immediately after the carcinogen treatment and continued until the termination of the study. At the end of the treatment activities of phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and liver marker enzymes were measured. A significant increase in carcinogen activating enzymes, cytochrome P(450), cytochrome b(5) and NADPH cytochrome C reductase with concomitant decrease in phase II enzymes, glutathione transferase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase were observed in animals with mammary cancer. Furthermore there was a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase with a sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and 5' nucleotidase. Propolis treatment caused the activity of these enzymes return to almost normal control levels, indicating the protective effect of propolis against dimethyl benz(a) anthracene induced carcinogenesis. On the basis of the observed results propolis can be considered a promising chemotherapeutic agent and can be administered as an adjuvant with paclitaxel chemotherapy.
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PMID:Therapeutic effect of propolis and paclitaxel on hepatic phase I and II enzymes and marker enzymes in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in female rats. 1672 Jan 5

Deleterious effects of chromium (VI) compounds are diversified affecting almost all the organ systems in a wide variety of animals. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of folic acid (FA) in alleviating the toxicity of chromium (VI) on certain biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and enzyme activities of male New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits per group were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0 mg FA and 0 mg Cr(VI)/kg BW (control); 8.3 microg FA/kg BW; 5 mg Cr(VI)/kg BW; 5 mg Cr(VI) plus 8.3 microg FA/kg BW, respectively. Rabbits were orally administered their respective doses every day for 10 weeks. Results obtained showed that Cr(VI) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of free radicals and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), and decreased the content of sulfhydryl groups (SH groups) in liver, testes, brain, kidney, and lung. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), acid phosphatase (AcP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased in liver and testes due to Cr(VI) administration. Also, AlP and AcP activities were significantly decreased in kidney and lung. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly decreased in brain and plasma. Contrariwise, the activities of AST and ALT were significantly increased in plasma, while AlP and AcP decreased. Chromium (VI) treatment caused a significant decrease in plasma total protein (TP) and globulin, and increased total lipids (TL), cholesterol, glucose, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin concentrations. Folic acid alone significantly decreased the levels of free radicals in liver, brain, and kidney, and increased the content of SH-group. The activities of AST, ALT, and LDH in liver; AST, ALT, AlP, AcP, and LDH in testes; AcP in kidney; AlP and AcP in lung, and LDH in brain were significantly increased. Plasma TP and albumin were increased, while urea and creatinine were decreased. The presence of FA with Cr(VI) restored the changes in enzyme activities and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, folic acid could be effective in the protection of chromium-induced toxicity.
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PMID:Biochemical study on the protective role of folic acid in rabbits treated with chromium (VI). 1678 79

Stannous chloride (SnCl2) is a reducing chemical agent used in several man-made products. SnCl2 can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the present study has been carried out to investigate the antioxidant action of l-ascorbic acid (AA) in minimizing SnCl2 toxicity on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme, and biochemical parameters in male New Zealand white rabbits. Animals were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0mg AA and 0mg SnCl2/kg BW (control); 40 mg AA/kg BW; 20mg SnCl2/kg BW; 20mg SnCl2 plus 40 mg AA/kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered the respective doses every other day for 12 weeks. Results obtained showed that SnCl2 significantly (P<0.05) induced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS; the marker of lipid peroxidation) in plasma, while the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the level of sulfhydryl groups (SH-group) were decreased (P<0.05) in blood plasma. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), acid phosphatase (AcP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were decreased (P<0.05). Stannous chloride significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of plasma total lipid (TL), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), glucose, urea and total bilirubin. On the other hand, the level of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein (TP), albumin (A) and globulin (G) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Ascorbic acid alone significantly decreased the levels of TBARS, lipids and urea, and increased the activities of GST, SOD and CAT, and the levels of SH-group and proteins. While the rest of the tested parameters were not affected. Also, the presence of AA with SnCl2 alleviated its harmful effects on most of the tested parameters. Therefore, the present results revealed that treatment with AA could minimize the toxic effects of stannous chloride.
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PMID:Study of the protective effect of ascorbic acid against the toxicity of stannous chloride on oxidative damage, antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters in rabbits. 1743 20

Experiments were conducted to identify the differentially expressed proteins in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants after treatment with the glycoprotein elicitor CSB I, purified from ZC(13), a race of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. The interactions of two near isogenic lines of rice, C101A51 and CO39, with ZC(13) resulted in completely incompatible and compatible types, respectively. Proteins were extracted from rice leaves at 12 and 24 h after treatment with CSB I. Temporal changes in total proteins were examined using 2-DE. Among more than 900 protein spots reproducibly detected on each gel, 11 were up-regulated, three were down-regulated and seven were newly induced during, at a minimum, one time point. Twenty-one differentially expressed proteins were identified by linear ion trap quadrupole (LTQ)-MS/MS. The identified proteins were classified into six categories based on their putative function reported: (i) defense proteins (PR-10a, PR-5 and putative salt-induced protein), (ii) signal transduction (nucleoside diphosphate kinase and putative profilin), (iii) ROS (Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, GST and CAT), (iv) programmed cell death (translationally controlled tumor protein), (v) molecule biosynthesis (putative ribosomal protein S5, putative ribosomal protein L12, putative translational elongation factor Tu and putative chaperonin 21 precursor) and (vi) metabolism (putative fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class-I, putative malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, putative acid phosphatase, putative transketolase1 and gamma hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-like protein). All of these proteins (except Cu/Zn-SOD, putative acid phosphatase and translationally controlled tumor protein) were induced faster and to a higher degree in C101A51 than in CO39. These data suggest that the incompatible rice line may possess a more sensitive recognition system that can identify and react to specific chemical, biological or physical triggers in a more efficient manner, thus eliciting an early and fast defense response.
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PMID:Identification of elicitor-responsive proteins in rice leaves by a proteomic approach. 1940 28


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