Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
 22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) has been shown to mediate multidrug resistance in tumor cell lines. Overexpression of Pgp has been detected in clinical cancer samples of many histological types. The basis and biological significance of such increases in Pgp expression are not well understood. In this study, the expression of Pgp during stepwise progression to rat liver cancer was examined to investigate the possible role of Pgp in carcinogenesis. An immunohistochemical technique was used to detect Pgp at the single-cell level, in a large number of liver nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, and in distant metastases of the carcinomas. The results showed that distinct changes in Pgp expression occurred during stepwise liver carcinogenesis and that these changes were closely associated with the microscopic anatomy of the lesions. In contrast to gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase-7.7, whose expression appeared to correlate with the early steps of liver carcinogenesis, Pgp expression was higher in the large hyperplastic nodules and in hepatocellular carcinomas than in the early microscopic lesions. A particularly striking finding was the consistent expression of Pgp in the lung metastases. These findings suggested that Pgp was associated with a more progressed malignant phenotype in liver carcinogenesis.
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PMID:P-glycoprotein expression during tumor progression in the rat liver. 138 36

The Nm23 protein is a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and is thought to play a critical role in metastatic behavior. It has been reported that a NDPK activity is present in microtubules assembled in vitro. Since microtubule assembly is determinant in cell growth and differentiation, we investigated whether Nm23-M1 forms molecular complexes with beta-tubulin in murine cells either actively proliferating or differentiating. For this purpose a polyclonal antibody against the GST-Nm23-M1 fusion protein was generated and employed to detect Nm23-M1/beta-tubulin complexes in murine tumor cells derived from the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) and in undifferentiated and differentiated myogenic cells (C2C12). Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments performed using the anti-fusion protein antibody demonstrated that the Nm23-M1 protein is detectable in in vitro tumor cell lines and in in vivo primary tumors but not in spontaneous lung metastases. These data are in good agreement with data previously reported. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the Nm23-M1 protein forms complexes with beta-tubulin in in vitro tumor cell lines, but not in primary tumors. Furthermore, the Nm23-M1 protein forms complexes with beta-tubulin in myogenic cells prior to and after differentiation. Interestingly, however, the level of the Nm23-M1/beta-tubulin complexes is remarkably increased in differentiated myotubes. In conclusion, the results indicate that the Nm23-M1 protein forms molecular complexes with beta-tubulin and that the number of complexes increases during the differentiation process of murine cells.
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PMID:The association of the Nm23-M1 protein and beta-tubulin correlates with cell differentiation. 769 25

Many patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develop lung metastasis and available treatments are limited. The anticancer drug sorafenib has opened a window of hope for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the effect of sorafenib is limited by drug resistance. MicroRNAs have been reported to play an important role in HCC, but the effect of sorafenib on microRNAs (miRNAs) and on lung metastasis is not clear. This report employed a high-throughput deep sequencing technique to detect the difference of miRNAs and immunohistochemical technique to detect the difference of protein in implanted primary tumors and in metastatic HCC tumors after treatment with sorafenib. Among the detected miRNAs, we identified rno-miR-122-3p and rmo-miR-122-5p that were downregulated and rno-miR-383-5p and rno-miR-34a-5p that were upregulated and one novel miRNAs is reported as downregulated here for the first time. Immunohistochemical analysis of known miRNAs identified CMYC protein expression as inhibited, MDM2 protein was expressed, and NM23 and GST protein were upregulated. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of novel miRNA found that the targeted genes were concentrated in pathways of metabolism, especially in cytochrome P450. These results indicate that these miRNAs are likely to be involved in the treatment response of lung metastases of HCC to sorafenib. They may be useful as biomarkers to predict the clinical treatment response of sorafenib.
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PMID:Effects of sorafenib on lung metastasis in rats with hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of microRNAs. 2602 84