Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.5.1.18 (glutathione S-transferase)
 22,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The detection of preneoplastic cells is very important for the analysis of carcinogenic processes and for developing strategies for prevention and treatment of cancer. We have been investigating enzyme alterations occurring during rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis, especially to find more specific enzyme markers for preneoplastic hepatic lesions. We identified the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P; GST 7-7) as a new marker enzyme for preneoplastic hepatocytes. We also found human placental form, GST-pi, to be a possible tumor marker for various human tissues except liver. In this article, their properties and possible functions are reviewed on basis of our recent investigations. A peroxisomal enzyme, enoyl CoA hydratase, in also described as a possible negative marker for rat preneoplastic hepatic foci/nodules and hepatomas induced by peroxisome proliferators.
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PMID:Specific expression of glutathione S-transferase Pi forms in (pre)neoplastic tissues: their properties and functions. 130 37

A glutathione S-transferase fusion to the COOH-terminal acidic transactivation domain of Vmw65 from herpes simplex virus type 1 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and isolated by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose. Following cleavage of the fusion protein with thrombin, the transactivation domain was purified to homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography yielding approximately 0.6 mg of protein/liter of bacterial culture. Equilibrium sedimentation analysis showed the purified polypeptide to be monomeric; however, it displayed aberrant electrophoretic and chromatographic properties. Contrary to secondary structure predictions, circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that this transactivation domain was devoid of significant alpha-helical structure at physiological conditions. The polypeptide, however, became notably more structured under hydrophobic conditions or at low pH, suggesting that it was sensitive to its environment. Near-UV circular dichroism suggested that phenylalanyl and tyrosyl residues were under influence from tertiary structure.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of the carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain of Vmw65 from herpes simplex virus type 1. 130 82

We have isolated a multidrug-resistant derivative of Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells by exposure to progressively increasing concentrations of Adriamycin. This cell line, designated CHO-Adrr, was 27-fold more resistant than the parental line to Adriamycin and showed similar degrees of cross-resistance to several other topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors, including mitoxantrone, daunomycin and etoposide. CHO-Adrr cells showed a lower (4-fold) level of cross-resistance to vincristine and colchicine, drugs associated with the multidrug-resistant phenotype. While CHO-Adrr cells showed no enhanced resistance to several mono- and bi-functional alkylating agents or to UV and ionizing radiation, they were greater than 80-fold resistant to mitomycin C (MMC). There was a 5-fold decreased level of daunomycin accumulation in CHO-Adrr cells compared to CHO-K1 cells and this was associated with increased drug efflux. The resistant cells had amplified multidrug resistance gene (mdr) sequences and overexpressed (mdr) mRNA. Verapamil was able to completely reverse Adriamycin resistance but reversal of MMC resistance was only partial, with residual 23-fold resistance. CHO-Adrr cells expressed a 4-fold reduced level of topo II protein but overexpressed an alpha class (basic) glutathione S-transferase (GST). Analysis of cell hybrids showed that while the level of resistance to Adriamycin dropped by a factor of 3 in CHO-K1/CHO-Adrr hybrids compared to CHO-Adrr/CHO-Adrr hybrids, resistance to MMC dropped 10-fold. Thus, CHO-Adrr cells appear to exhibit simultaneously several different drug resistance mechanisms including MDR and GST overexpression, and topo II reduction.
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PMID:Reduced topoisomerase II and elevated alpha class glutathione S-transferase expression in a multidrug resistant CHO cell line highly cross-resistant to mitomycin C. 131 88

The mRNA levels of three phosphoseryl/phosphothreonyl protein phosphatases, PP1, PP2A and PP2C, in rat liver have been determined by Northern blot analysis in various stages of rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis using a Solt-Farber model. Five weeks after administration of diethylnitrosamine, the mRNA levels of PP1 alpha, PP2A and PP2C were elevated 8, 29 and 11 times, respectively, as compared to those of the control livers. However, in primary hepatoma induced according to the Solt-Farber model, the mRNA levels of all three protein phosphatases were dramatically decreased to normal levels or even to much lower levels, whereas the mRNA level of glutathione S-transferase placental form, a tumor marker protein, was greatly elevated as compared with that of the control livers. In a poorly differentiated hepatoma AH13, a line of rat ascites hepatoma, the mRNA level of PP1 alpha was 5.6 times higher than that of the control livers, whereas the mRNA lever of PP2C was almost the same as that of the control livers and the level of PP2A mRNA was distinctly lower than that of the control livers. These data appear to suggest some involvement of protein phosphatases in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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PMID:mRNA levels of catalytic subunits of protein phosphatases 1, 2A, and 2C in hepatocarcinogenesis. 131 79

Glutathione S-transferases are involved in the detoxification of carcinogens and xenobiotics and are potentially associated with the development of drug-resistance. Forty-six testicular germ cell tumors and 33 adjacent normal testicular tissue specimens were analyzed at the RNA level for the expression of glutathione S-transferase alpha and pi. Glutathione S-transferase alpha was expressed in 31 of the 33 normal testicular tissues (94%) but in only three of the 46 germ cell tumors (7%). Glutathione S-transferase pi mRNA was detected in all normal and malignant testicular tissue samples. Thirteen testicular germ cell tumors and eight normal testicular tissue samples were analyzed at the protein level. The mean specific activity of total cytosolic glutathione S-transferase in tumor tissue was decreased by about 80% as compared to normal testicular tissue. Protein analysis of the glutathione S-transferase subunits of normal testicular tissue demonstrated the presence of the glutathione S-transferase classes alpha, mu and pi, with a predominance of the mu class. In testicular germ cell tumors the glutathione S-transferase subunit pattern showed a predominance of glutathione S-transferase pi representing 88% +/- 3% of total glutathione S-transferase. Since all three glutathione S-transferase isoenzyme classes contribute to the resistance to antineoplastic drugs, the altered glutathione S-transferase isoenzyme pattern and the decrease of glutathione S-transferase activity may play a role in the high inherent drug sensitivity of human testicular germ cell tumors.
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PMID:Glutathione S-transferases in human testicular germ cell tumors: changes of expression and activity. 131 14

A mu class glutathione S-transferase gene (hGSTYBX) is expressed in the DDT1MF-2 hamster smooth muscle tumor cell line. This gene is glucocorticoid responsive, and near maximal induction was found to occur within 24 h. The induced mRNA was very stable with a half-life of more than 48 h. Serum had no effect on either constitutive or glucocorticoid induced hGSTYBX expression. Although dibutyryl cAMP, phenobarbital, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate did not alter hGSTYBX expression, testosterone and retinoic acid were each able to increase hGSTYBX expression in a concentration dependent manner. These results demonstrate a unique pattern of responsiveness of the hamster gene compared to the glutathione S-transferase genes of other species.
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PMID:Glucocorticoid, androgen, and retinoic acid regulation of glutathione S-transferase gene expression in hamster smooth muscle tumor cells. 131 23

Dehydroepiandrosterone, a major secretory steroid hormone of the human adrenal gland, possesses mitoinhibitory and anticarcinogenic properties. It also induces peroxisome proliferation in the livers of rats and mice. Because peroxisome proliferators exhibit hepatocarcinogenic potential, it is necessary to examine the long term hepatic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone since this hormone is contemplated for use as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent in humans. Dehydroepiandrosterone was administered in the diet at a concentration of 0.45% to F-344 rats for up to 84 weeks. At the termination of the experiment, 14 of 16 rats developed hepatocellular carcinomas. Liver tumors induced by dehydroepiandrosterone lacked gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase (placental form); these phenotypic properties are identical to the features exhibited by liver tumors induced by other peroxisome proliferators. Dehydroepiandrosterone was also shown to markedly inhibit liver cell [3H]thymidine labeling indices, suggesting that cell proliferation is not a critical feature in liver tumor development with this agent. These results show that although dehydroepiandrosterone exerts anticarcinogenic effects in a variety of tissues, the peroxisome-proliferative property makes it a hepatocarcinogen.
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PMID:Hepatocarcinogenicity of dehydroepiandrosterone in the rat. 131 32

The DNA sequence of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) gD gene homologue has been determined for the strain Ab1 and compared with previously published sequences. A portion of the gene has been located to a region of the genome which also encodes homologues of the herpes simplex virus type 1 genes for gE and gI and is known to encode an epitope of the virion protein gp17/18. Analysis of the EHV-1 strain Kentucky A (KyA) by DNA hybridization showed the presence of a gD gene homologue and established the absence of genes for gI and gE. Western blot analysis, however, showed that KyA virus particles contain gp17/18, thus indicating that this protein is encoded by the gD gene homologue. The KyA gp17/18 was found to be smaller than that detected in other strains and this is accounted for by a frameshift mutation in the KyA sequence relative to Ab1. The mutation in the KyA strain results in an altered C-terminal sequence and could explain the apparent structural differences suggested by the reactivities with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We have also expressed part of the Ab1 gD gene as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase in Escherichia coli and shown that this reacts with the MAb 5H6 originally used to map gp17/18. These experiments establish that gp17/18 is encoded by the gD gene homologue.
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PMID:Identification of the equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein 17/18 as a homologue of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D. 131 42

Intoxication of male and female mice with a single dose (300 or 600 mg/kg) of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TTCE) resulted in significant decreases in cytochrome P-450 (to 58-73% of the control) and NADPH-cytochrome (P-450) c-reductase (to 29-35% of the control) in hepatic microsomes. This was accompanied by an alteration of mixed function monooxygenases stemming from the marked reduction (to 20-64% of the control) of several oxidative activities to selected substrates towards different P-450 isozymes (classes IA1, IA2, IIB1, IIE1 and IIIA). As phase II markers, epoxide hydrolase (approximately 35% loss), UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (approximately 42% loss) and to a lesser extent glutathione S-transferase (approximately 17% loss) were all affected. Also, the activity of delta-aminolevulinic (ALA) synthetase was decreased (approximately 57% of the control). On the contrary, heme oxygenase activity was increased (up to 35%) at the maximal dose tested. The decrease of P-450-function may be explained in terms of an alteration in the rate of heme biosynthesis and degradation, provoking a loss of heme content (approximately 33%) as well as of the direct inactivation of both P-450 and reductase. Because of increasing evidence on the involvement of free radical intermediates in the case of toxicity of haloalkanes, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) spin-trapping in vivo techniques were used to characterize the possible free radical species involved in the observed liver damage. The results obtained with the spin-trap N-benzylidene-2-methylpropylamine N-oxide (phenyl t-butylnitrone, PBN) provide evidence for the formation and trapping of the CHCl2CHCl free radicals. The detection of conjugated diene signals by means of second-derivative spectrophotometry, have enabled us to show that in vivo lipid peroxidation may be one of the main mechanisms responsible for TTCE hepatotoxicity.
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PMID:On the hepatotoxicity of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. 131 68

The overall nutritional adequacy of a purified casein-based diet (PC-diet) for the medaka (Oryzias latipes) was evaluated and compared with three diets: commercially available flaked fish food (FL-diet), live newly hatched Artemia (A-diet), and a combination of FL-diet plus A-diet (F/A-diet). Survival, growth, reproductive success, general and liver histopathology, and selected hepatic enzyme activities were compared in medaka from first feeding through reproductive maturity. The PC-diet proved adequate in all of the above criteria. When compared with fish fed F/A-diet, an initial lag in early growth rates (i.e., 0 to 30 days) occurred with the fish fed PC-diet. The FL-diet alone was not nutritionally adequate for medaka, resulting in poor growth, reduced reproductive success, lower survival, and emaciation. A significant number of spinal deformities (5.4%) were noted in medaka fed the F/A diet. Ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase and glutathione S-transferase activities were monitored and a trend toward increasing activity with age was noted. This suggests that PC- and F/A-diets provide adequate nutrition for development of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes necessary for detoxification and activation of endogenous and foreign compounds. The PC-diet supported good survival, growth, reproduction, and normal histology. This diet provides a standardized, nutritionally adequate, and consistent alternative to undefined conventional diets and is less likely to contain the range of xenobiotics possible in whole, live food.
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PMID:A purified diet for medaka (Oryzias latipes): refining a fish model for toxicological research. 131 53


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