Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)
 2,527 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were subjected to electroporation in the presence of 5-methyl deoxycytidine-triphosphate. This treatment increases by 10 to 100-fold the frequency of cells lacking thymidine kinase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The inactivation of the genes coding for these enzymes is thought to occur following the direct incorporation of the methylated nucleotide triphosphate into DNA. The enzyme-deficient clones were stable, but almost all were reactivated at high frequency by the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine, to produce derivatives with enzyme activity. The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between DNA methylation and gene silencing.
Somat Cell Mol Genet 1991 Nov
PMID:Gene silencing in mammalian cells by uptake of 5-methyl deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate. 172 91

DNA methylation is an important process contributing to transcriptional regulation in animal and plant cells. We observed that electroporation of Chinese hamster V-79 cells in the presence of millimolar concentrations of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (5mdCTP) led to high-level direct incorporation of this nucleotide into DNA polymer. Under optimum conditions, approximately 2 x 10(8) molecules of 5 mdCTP were calculated to have been incorporated into each unit genome (6 pg of DNA). Since a diploid mammalian genome contains approximately 1.2-1.5 x 10(9) cytosines, this level of 5 mdCTP incorporation corresponds to substitution of up to 16.6% of total cytosines by 5-methylcytosine, or about 100-150 new methylated cytosines per average gene. The pattern of genomic methylation produced under these conditions differed from that produced physiologically in that 5mdCTP was substituted into DNA at random cytosines, superimposing a novel methylation pattern upon that derived from the normal enzyme-driven postreplicational process. This novel pattern of methylation showed no preference for CpG dinucleotides, but was nevertheless found capable of silencing HPRT gene expression and producing a condition of resistance to 6-thioguanine. The epigenetic nature of this gene silencing event was shown by the very high level of reexpression of HPRT mRNA following exposure of HPRT cells to the demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine.
Somat Cell Mol Genet 1991 Nov
PMID:Gene silencing in mammalian cells by direct incorporation of electroporated 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate. 172 92

Schistosomiasis is a trematode infection of some 200 million people. The hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) of the major etiologic agent, Schistosoma mansoni, has been proposed as a potential target for antischistosomal chemotherapy [Dovey, H. F., McKerrow, J. H., & Wang, C. C. (1984) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 11, 157-167]. The steady-state kinetic mechanism for the schistosomal HGPRTase has been determined by including both hypoxanthine and guanine in the forward and reverse reactions under identical conditions. Double-reciprocal plots of initial velocity versus the concentration of one substrate, at a series of fixed concentrations of the other, give groups of intersecting straight lines indicating a sequential mechanism for the schistosomal HGPRTase-catalyzed reactions. In product inhibition studies, the results show that magnesium pyrophosphate (MgPPi) is a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to dimagnesium phosphoribose pyrophosphate (Mg2PRPP), hypoxanthine, and guanine. Also, magnesium inosine monophosphate (MgIMP) and magnesium guanosine monophosphate (MgGMP) are noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to hypoxanthine or guanine, respectively, but are competitive inhibitors to Mg2PRPP. Furthermore, Mg2PRPP is a competitive inhibitor with respect to MgIMP and MgGMP but is a non-competitive inhibitor to MgPPi. The minimum kinetic model which fits the experimental data is an ordered bi-bi mechanism, where the substrates bind to the enzyme in a defined order (first Mg2PRPP followed by the purine bases), while products are released in sequence (first MgPPi followed by MgIMP or MgGMP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Steady-state kinetics of the schistosomal hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. 173 38

Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) cDNA from 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocytes cloned from smoking and non-smoking adult donors showed that 35% of these mutants were defective in splicing of hprt mRNA. Among a set of 42 hprt splice mutants, we observed i) complete loss of one or more exons, ii) partial loss of one exon, or iii) inclusion of part of an intron sequence between adjacent exons. Loss of exon 4 was significantly more frequent than of the other exons, suggesting that the sequences that regulate splicing of this exon are either larger than those of the other exons or especially prone to mutation. In order to identify the molecular nature of DNA alterations causing aberrant splicing of hprt mRNA, 17 splice mutants were analyzed in more detail by sequencing the genomic regions flanking the mis-spliced exon. Base pair substitutions or small deletions causing defective splicing were either detected in exon sequences or in splice site consensus sequences of introns. Furthermore, genomic deletions encompassing entire exons were found. In some mutants, the alteration responsible for incorrect splicing could not be identified, suggesting that the target sequence for splice mutations is larger than merely the splice junctions. Molecular characterization of hprt splice mutations will lead to the identification of specific sequences regulating splicing of hprt mRNA and will reveal whether the mutational spectrum in splice mutants is similar to that found in the hprt coding region.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1992
PMID:Molecular analysis of mutations affecting hprt mRNA splicing in human T-lymphocytes in vivo. 173 5

PCR is widely employed to amplify short segments of genomic DNA to determine if a specific change has occurred. But some investigators need to sequence the entire coding region of mammalian genes to determine what specific changes have occurred. In 1989, we [Yang et al: Gene 83:347-354] described a method to copy mRNA of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene directly from the lysate of a clone of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutant diploid human fibroblasts without the need for RNA extraction or DNA template purification. To avoid detecting random changes introduced by polymerases, 100 to 500 cells from an individual clone, each containing the identical mutation, are lysed and the cDNA is amplified 10(10)-to 10(11)-fold to obtain 5 to 10 micrograms of DNA. The consensus sequence of the cDNA is determined by direct nucleotide sequencing. Using this method, we have investigated the kinds of mutations induced by carcinogens in the coding region of the HPRT gene and their location in the gene and examined the role of DNA repair in this process. Normal repair-proficient human cells and cells deficient in DNA repair were exposed to mutagens in exponential growth or synchronized and exposed at the beginning of S phase or in G1 phase several hr prior to DNA replication. The kinds and location of mutations in the HPRT gene were determined and knowledge of the nature of the DNA lesions formed by the various mutagens allowed assignment of the DNA strand in which the premutagenic lesion that gave rise to the mutation had been located. Related assays involving PCR have been used to determine the nature of mutations in the coding region of the H-, N-, or K-ras genes of tumor-derived malignant human cells and to determine whether or not such cells express specific growth factor genes.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1991
PMID:Use of PCR amplification of cDNA to study mechanisms of human cell mutagenesis and malignant transformation. 174 85

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separates DNA molecules based on primary sequence. Under the appropriate conditions, all base pair (bp) substitutions, frame-shifts, and deletions less than about 10 bp can be resolved from the wild type sequence using DGGE. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) permits facile amplification of a given region of the genome. We have combined PCR and DGGE to: (i) Localize mutations in the X-linked human androgen receptor gene. PCR/DGGE was used to screen the individual exons in the 2757-bp coding region of the gene in afflicted individuals as well as in potential carriers. Inheritance of a mutant allele has been demonstrated in several cases; (ii) Analyze thousands of thioguanine-resistant mutants simultaneously. The in vitro mutational spectra of MNNG, ICR-191, and cisplatin at the human HPRT locus have been examined by this method. The compounds all have mutational hotspots in a GGGGGG sequence in exon 3; however, the particular mutations induced by the agents were different; (iii) Examine the fidelity of several DNA polymerases used in PCR. The fidelity of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (Taq) is 1-2 x 10(-4) misincorporations/bp/replication. Problems with Taq polymerase arise in the analysis of complex mutant populations by DGGE because the Taq-induced errors reduce the sensitivity of the system. To circumvent this, it had been necessary to use Sequenase, a modified T7 DNA polymerase with a higher fidelity. However, Sequenase is not thermostable and must be added every PCR cycle. A thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermococcus litoralis (Vent) is now available, and we have examined the fidelity of Vent, Taq, and Sequenase polymerase in PCR using DGGE. The fidelity of Vent, Taq, and Sequenase polymerase was 2.4 x 10(-5), 8.9 x 10(-5), and 4.4 x 10(-5) errors/bp, respectively. Vent polymerase had the highest fidelity of the three enzymes tested.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1991
PMID:Analysis of mutations using PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. 174 86

Spontaneous thioguanine-resistant mutants were derived from populations of finite-life-span, diploid human fibroblasts by means of a fluctuation analysis. cDNA was prepared from mutant HPRT mRNA and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, and the sequence of the product was analyzed. Exon deletions, which very likely arose from mutations in the intron splice site consensus sequences, were found in 10 of the 37 mutants examined (27% of the total). Among the 28 mutations in the coding sequence, base pair substitutions predominated (89%). With the exception of one base pair involved in a tandem mutation, all base pair substitutions resulted in alterations in the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein. In addition there were three frameshift mutations, consisting of the deletion of one or two base pairs. Although mutations occurred throughout the coding sequence, 50% (14/28) were found in the 5' portion of exon 3.
Somat Cell Mol Genet 1991 Sep
PMID:Kinds and locations of mutations arising spontaneously in the coding region of the HPRT gene of finite-life-span diploid human fibroblasts. 176 87

We describe a highly efficient stable gene transfection procedure for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a modification of the calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitation method. We have found that treatment of CHO cells with chloroquine increases the efficiency of gene transfer by up to 20-fold (from approx. 0.01% to approx. 0.2%) when transfection is done using the pSV2-neo plasmid. The optimized transfection procedure requires that CHO cells to be incubated with calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitate and chloroquine (100 microM) for a total of 16 h. By using high-molecular-weight human genomic DNA as a DNA source for transfection, we show that this procedure is equally efficient for stably transferring a much larger gene, such as the 49-kb human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene.
Somat Cell Mol Genet 1991 Sep
PMID:High-efficiency stable gene transfection using chloroquine-treated Chinese hamster ovary cells. 176 89

DNA of two yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) containing selectable human genes was transferred by microinjection to rodent cells in tissue culture. The human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene, spanning 45 kb, is contained on the 660-kb YAC yHPRT as described elsewhere. The human phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (GART) gene, spanning approximately 40 kb, is contained on the 590-kb YAC yGART2 as described previously. YAC DNA was isolated from pulsed-field gels and microinjected into mammalian cells in which the human HPRT and GART genes can be selected. The cell lines that were selected contain the entire human genes. Some of the cell lines contain multiple copies of the genes integrated at the same chromosomal position. The YAC yGART2 could not be purified away from natural yeast chromosomes of similar size, and the cell lines into which the human GART gene was introduced contain variable amounts of yeast DNA in addition to the human DNA.
Somat Cell Mol Genet 1991 Nov
PMID:Transfer of the human HPRT and GART genes from yeast to mammalian cells by microinjection of YAC DNA. 176 36

We have investigated cotransformation in mammalian cells and its potential for identifying cells that have been modified by gene targeting. Selectable genes on separate DNA fragments were simultaneously introduced into cells by coelectroporation. When the introduced fragments were scored for random integration, 75% of the transformed cells integrated both fragments within the genome of the same cell. When one of the cointroduced fragments was scored for integration at a specific locus by gene targeting, only 4% of the targeted cells cointegrated the second fragment. Apparently, cells that have been modified by gene targeting with one DNA fragment rarely incorporate a second DNA fragment. Despite this limitation, we were able to use the cotransformation protocol to identify targeted cells by screening populations of colonies that had been transformed with a cointroduced selectable gene. When hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) targeting DNA was coelectroporated with a selectable neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene into embryonic stem (ES) cells, hprt-targeted colonies were isolated from the population of neo transformants at a frequency of 1 per 70 G418-resistant colonies. In parallel experiments with the same targeting construct, hprt-targeted cells were found at a frequency of 1 per 5,500 nonselected colonies. Thus, an 80-fold enrichment for targeted cells was observed within the population of colonies transformed with the cointroduced DNA compared with the population of nonselected colonies. This enrichment for targeted cells after cotransformation should be useful in the isolation of colonies that contain targeted but nonselectable gene alterations.
Mol Cell Biol 1991 May
PMID:Cotransformation and gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells. 185 Jan 4


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>