Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)
 2,527 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human diploid fibroblasts (strain VH-10) were exposed to the direct-acting alkylating agent, ethylene oxide (EtO), in vitro, and the frequency of HPRT mutants was evaluated by selection in medium containing 6-thioguanine. A dose-dependent increase of the mutant frequency was found in the dose range of 2.5-10 mMh of EtO. The EtO-induced mutant frequency increased 5-19 times the background frequency at low or moderately toxic doses, which indicates that EtO is a strong mutagen in human fibroblasts in vitro. The mutagenic potency was 9.8 x 10(-6) per mMh.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1992
PMID:Induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in human diploid fibroblasts in vitro with ethylene oxide. 154 Dec 59

We have established a comprehensive procedure based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze the molecular spectrum of mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus in Chinese hamster cells. The procedure includes direct sequencing of PCR-amplified hprt cDNA for locating point mutations in the expressed coding sequences, multiplex PCR amplification of the hprt exons for screening large deletions, and direct sequencing of PCR-amplified hprt exons and their flanking regions for detecting intronic mutations resulting in mRNA splicing errors. Using this procedure, we have identified different types of mutations among a representative collection of spontaneous and induced HPRT-deficient Chinese hamster cell mutants. This procedure is simple, rapid, accurate, and practical for a comprehensive study of the mutation spectrum in a large number of HPRT-deficient Chinese hamster cell mutants.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1992
PMID:Polymerase chain reaction-based comprehensive procedure for the analysis of the mutation spectrum at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster cells. 160 Sep 52

Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) cDNA from 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocytes cloned from smoking and non-smoking adult donors showed that 35% of these mutants were defective in splicing of hprt mRNA. Among a set of 42 hprt splice mutants, we observed i) complete loss of one or more exons, ii) partial loss of one exon, or iii) inclusion of part of an intron sequence between adjacent exons. Loss of exon 4 was significantly more frequent than of the other exons, suggesting that the sequences that regulate splicing of this exon are either larger than those of the other exons or especially prone to mutation. In order to identify the molecular nature of DNA alterations causing aberrant splicing of hprt mRNA, 17 splice mutants were analyzed in more detail by sequencing the genomic regions flanking the mis-spliced exon. Base pair substitutions or small deletions causing defective splicing were either detected in exon sequences or in splice site consensus sequences of introns. Furthermore, genomic deletions encompassing entire exons were found. In some mutants, the alteration responsible for incorrect splicing could not be identified, suggesting that the target sequence for splice mutations is larger than merely the splice junctions. Molecular characterization of hprt splice mutations will lead to the identification of specific sequences regulating splicing of hprt mRNA and will reveal whether the mutational spectrum in splice mutants is similar to that found in the hprt coding region.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1992
PMID:Molecular analysis of mutations affecting hprt mRNA splicing in human T-lymphocytes in vivo. 173 5

PCR is widely employed to amplify short segments of genomic DNA to determine if a specific change has occurred. But some investigators need to sequence the entire coding region of mammalian genes to determine what specific changes have occurred. In 1989, we [Yang et al: Gene 83:347-354] described a method to copy mRNA of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene directly from the lysate of a clone of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutant diploid human fibroblasts without the need for RNA extraction or DNA template purification. To avoid detecting random changes introduced by polymerases, 100 to 500 cells from an individual clone, each containing the identical mutation, are lysed and the cDNA is amplified 10(10)-to 10(11)-fold to obtain 5 to 10 micrograms of DNA. The consensus sequence of the cDNA is determined by direct nucleotide sequencing. Using this method, we have investigated the kinds of mutations induced by carcinogens in the coding region of the HPRT gene and their location in the gene and examined the role of DNA repair in this process. Normal repair-proficient human cells and cells deficient in DNA repair were exposed to mutagens in exponential growth or synchronized and exposed at the beginning of S phase or in G1 phase several hr prior to DNA replication. The kinds and location of mutations in the HPRT gene were determined and knowledge of the nature of the DNA lesions formed by the various mutagens allowed assignment of the DNA strand in which the premutagenic lesion that gave rise to the mutation had been located. Related assays involving PCR have been used to determine the nature of mutations in the coding region of the H-, N-, or K-ras genes of tumor-derived malignant human cells and to determine whether or not such cells express specific growth factor genes.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1991
PMID:Use of PCR amplification of cDNA to study mechanisms of human cell mutagenesis and malignant transformation. 174 85

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separates DNA molecules based on primary sequence. Under the appropriate conditions, all base pair (bp) substitutions, frame-shifts, and deletions less than about 10 bp can be resolved from the wild type sequence using DGGE. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) permits facile amplification of a given region of the genome. We have combined PCR and DGGE to: (i) Localize mutations in the X-linked human androgen receptor gene. PCR/DGGE was used to screen the individual exons in the 2757-bp coding region of the gene in afflicted individuals as well as in potential carriers. Inheritance of a mutant allele has been demonstrated in several cases; (ii) Analyze thousands of thioguanine-resistant mutants simultaneously. The in vitro mutational spectra of MNNG, ICR-191, and cisplatin at the human HPRT locus have been examined by this method. The compounds all have mutational hotspots in a GGGGGG sequence in exon 3; however, the particular mutations induced by the agents were different; (iii) Examine the fidelity of several DNA polymerases used in PCR. The fidelity of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (Taq) is 1-2 x 10(-4) misincorporations/bp/replication. Problems with Taq polymerase arise in the analysis of complex mutant populations by DGGE because the Taq-induced errors reduce the sensitivity of the system. To circumvent this, it had been necessary to use Sequenase, a modified T7 DNA polymerase with a higher fidelity. However, Sequenase is not thermostable and must be added every PCR cycle. A thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermococcus litoralis (Vent) is now available, and we have examined the fidelity of Vent, Taq, and Sequenase polymerase in PCR using DGGE. The fidelity of Vent, Taq, and Sequenase polymerase was 2.4 x 10(-5), 8.9 x 10(-5), and 4.4 x 10(-5) errors/bp, respectively. Vent polymerase had the highest fidelity of the three enzymes tested.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1991
PMID:Analysis of mutations using PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. 174 86

We have studied the mutagenicity and toxicity of physical and chemical agents in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line K1-BH4 and its transformant, AS52. The AS52 cells lack the normal X-linked mammalian hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene but instead contain a single autosomally integrated copy of the bacterial equivalent, the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt) gene. We found that X-rays and neutrons appear to be equitoxic to both cell types; however, these physical agents are approximately 10 times more mutagenic to the gpt gene of AS52 cells than to the hprt gene of K1-BH4 cells. We reasoned that if reactive oxygens were to mediate the mutagenic effects of both radiomimetic chemicals and radiation, then reactive oxygen-producing chemicals, such as streptonigrin and bleomycin, and oxidizing agents such as potassium superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, would exhibit similar levels of toxicity but different frequencies of mutants when assayed with the two cell lines. Our experiments fulfill such predictions. We postulate that the apparent hypermutability of AS52 cells probably results from a higher recovery of multi-locus deletion mutants in AS52 cells than in K1-BH4 cells, rather than a higher yield of induced mutants. Preliminary studies, using Southern blot and the polymerase chain reaction to analyze the mutational spectrum of the mutants, support our hypothesis that reactive oxygens induce deletion mutations in mammalian cells.
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1990
PMID:Molecular analysis of reactive oxygen-species-induced mammalian gene mutation. 197 50

The alkylating agents in clinical use as antineoplastics are strongly implicated as human carcinogens on the basis of animal studies and human epidemiologic studies. However, there is little quantitative information on the extent to which exposure to these drugs is mutagenic for normal (non-malignant) cells and the extent to which such mutagenicity correlates with cytotoxicity of these agents. Human lymphoblastoid cells (WIL2-NS) were exposed to graded doses of eight antineoplastic alkylating agents. Cell killing and mutation induction at the hypoxanthine -guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus were measured by cloning in microplates in the presence and absence of 6-thioguanine. Dose-dependent decreases in survival were used to calculate IC50s for each of the drugs tested. The IC50s, for 1 hr exposure, ranged from 4 x 10(-7) M for nitrogen mustard to 5 x 10(-4) M for busulfan. The eight drugs tested each induced detectable increases in the frequency of mutant cells. The mutagenicity of these agents is correlated strongly with cytotoxicity. However, at equitoxic doses (IC50), the frequency of induced mutants ranged from approximately 3 x 10(-6) for 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) to 2 x 10(-5) for busulfan and cisplatin. These results quantitate the dose-dependent cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of these bifunctional alkylating agents on human cells. All are cytotoxic and mutagenic, although their mutagenic efficiency varies.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1991
PMID:Dose-dependent cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of antineoplastic alkylating agents on human lymphoblastoid cells. 205 Jan 31

The Escherichia coli gpt gene coding for xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase has been stably transfected into HPRT- Chinese hamster V79 cells. Several gpt- cell lines have been established, which retain the sequence(s) even after long-term culture without selection for gpt. Each cell line exhibits a characteristic spontaneous mutation frequency (10(-5) to 10(-2)) in 6-thioguanine (6TG) selection. While spontaneous mutagenesis to gpt- occurs rather frequently for most cell lines, it cannot be correlated with either the number of plasmid integration sites or deletion of the plasmid sequence(s). One transgenic cell line (g12), which continuously maintains a low spontaneous mutation frequency (approximately 3 x 10(-5)), was used in comparative mutagenesis studies with wild-type V79 cells (gpt vs. hprt). Alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and beta-propiolactone (BPL) are shown to be equally toxic and mutagenic in both g12 and V79 cells. UV and X-rays are also equally toxic to both cell lines. The gpt locus of the g12 transfectants, however, is two to three times more sensitive to UV and 2.5-4.5 times more sensitive to X-ray mutagenesis than the endogenous hprt of wild-type V79 cells. The data presented here suggests that g12 cells may be useful to study mammalian mutagenesis by agents which yield limited response at the hprt locus. Future studies with these transgenic cells and other transgenic lines are planned to compare the mutability and repair of the same gene (gpt) at different integration sites in mammalian cells.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1990
PMID:Transgenic Chinese hamster V79 cell lines which exhibit variable levels of gpt mutagenesis. 219 84

We have developed a rapid screening method using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting deletion mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus in Chinese hamster cells. DNA was extracted from spontaneous and ultraviolet (UV) light- and X-ray-induced hprt-deficient mutants. Two primer sets were used to amplify 276 bp and 344 bp fragments containing the entire exon 3 and exon 9 coding sequence, respectively. The PCR was performed using Taq DNA polymerase for 40 cycles, and the PCR product was directly analyzed for the presence of the respective amplified DNA using electrophoresis on agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. With this assay, we have analyzed 39 independently derived hprt-deficient mutants. Four of ten spontaneous mutants were found to have deletions in exon 9. UV light produced mutants with predominantly wild-type amplification patterns (10/14). X-ray induced mostly deletion patterns (11/15); six of these occurred only in exon 9, and five occurred in both exons 3 and 9. These observations are consistent with the classical notion that UV light induces predominantly missense mutations and X-ray produces a high proportion of deletion mutations. Deletion mutations occurred most frequently at the 3' end of the hprt gene, suggesting the possible existence of hot spots for deletions in this region. The PCR assay for deletion detection has the advantage that it can be completed in less than 4 hr without using radioisotopes. This assay should be useful for routine deletion screening.
Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1989
PMID:Deletion screening at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster cells using the polymerase chain reaction. 257 Apr 72

In order to characterize in vivo gene mutations that occur during fetal development, molecular analyses were undertaken of mutant 6-thioguanine resistant T-lymphocytes isolated from placental cord blood samples of 13 normal male newborns. These mutant T-cells were studied to define hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene structural alterations and to determine T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement patterns. Structural hprt alterations, as shown by Southern blot analyses, occurred in 85% of these mutant clones. These alterations consisted mostly of deletion of exons 2 and 3. These findings contrast with the 10-20% of gross structural alterations (i.e., those visible on Southern blots) occurring randomly across the entire gene previously reported for T-cell mutants isolated from normal young adults. Iterative analyses of hprt structural alterations and TCR gene rearrangement patterns show that approximately one-third of the newborn derived mutants may have originated as pre- or intrathymic hprt mutations. This too contrasts with previous findings in adults where the background in vivo hprt mutations appeared to originate in postthymic T-lymphocytes.
Environ Mol Mutagen 1989
PMID:Molecular analyses of in vivo hprt mutations in human T-lymphocytes: IV. Studies in newborns. 258 30


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