Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.4.2.8 (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)
 2,527 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reference genes are often used to normalize expression of data from real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and only a validation of their stability during a given experimental paradigm leads to reliable interpretations. The present study was thus designed to validate potential reference genes in a mouse model of mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with focal seizures after unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainate (KA). Ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampi were removed during nonconvulsive status epilepticus (5 hr), epileptogenesis (7 days), and the chronic period of recurrent focal seizures (21 days). Naive animals were equally studied. The stability of eight potential reference genes (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, Hprt1; peptidylprolyl isomerase A, Ppia; TATA box binding protein, Tbp; beta-actin, Actb; acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, Arbp; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Gapdh; ribosomal RNA 18S, 18S rRNA; and glucuronidase beta, Gusb) were determined using geNorm and NormFinder software. The first five (Hprt1, Ppia, Tbp, Actb, and Arbp) were found to be stable across the different phases of the disease and appeared adequate for normalizing RT-qPCR data in this model. This was in contrast to the other three (18S rRNA, Gapdh, and Gusb), which showed unstable expressions and should be avoided. The analysis of KA-induced changes in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) gene resulted in various relative expressions or even a completely different pattern when unstable reference genes were used. These results highlight the absolute need to validate the reference genes for a correct interpretation of mRNA quantification.
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PMID:Selection of reference genes for real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in hippocampal structure in a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy with focal seizures. 1993 10

The purines are a group of molecules used by all cells for many vital biochemical processes including energy-requiring enzymatic reactions, cofactor-requiring reactions, synthesis of DNA or RNA, signaling pathways within and between cells, and other processes. Defects in some of the enzymes of purine metabolism are known to be associated with specific clinical disorders, and neurological problems may be a presenting sign or the predominant clinical problem for several of them. This chapter describes three disorders for which the clinical features and metabolic basis are well characterized. Deficiency of adenylosuccinate-lyase (ADSL) causes psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, and autistic features. Lesch-Nyhan disease is caused by deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and is characterized by hyperuricemia, motor and cognitive disability, and self-injurious behavior. Deficiency of myoadenylate deaminase (mAMPD) is associated with myopathic features. In addition to these disorders, several other disorders are briefly summarized. These include defects of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase, adenosine deaminase (ADA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PND), deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), or IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Each of these disorders provides an unusual window on the unique importance of purine metabolism for function of different parts of the nervous system.
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PMID:Metabolic disorders of purine metabolism affecting the nervous system. 2362 5