Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.4.2.30 (PARP)
13,611 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear protein that, once activated by genotoxic agents, modulates the activity of several nuclear proteins including itself. Previous studies have established that PARP-1 inhibition may provide benefit in the treatment of different diseases, particularly those involving a hypoxic situation, in which an increased oxidative and nitrosative stress occurs. One of the most important transcription factors involved in the response to the hypoxic situation is the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). The activity of HIF-1 is determined by the accumulation of its alpha subunit which is regulated, in part, by oxidative stress (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), both of them highly dependent on PARP-1. Besides, HIF-1alpha can be induced by iron chelators such as deferoxamine (DFO). In this sense, the therapeutical use of DFO to strengthen the post-hypoxic response has recently been proposed. Taking into account the increasing interest and potential clinical applications of PARP inhibition and DFO treatment, we have evaluated the impact of PARP-1 on HIF-1alpha accumulation induced by treatment with DFO. Our results show that, in DFO treated cells, PARP-1 gene deletion or inhibition decreases HIF-1alpha accumulation. This lower HIF-1alpha stabilization is parallel to a decreased inducible NO synthase induction and NO production, a higher response of some antioxidant enzymes (particularly glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and a lower ROS level. Taken together, these results suggest that the absence of PARP-1 modulates HIF-1 accumulation by reducing both NO and oxidative stress.
...
PMID:PARP-1 modulates deferoxamine-induced HIF-1alpha accumulation through the regulation of nitric oxide and oxidative stress. 1845 42

Brain edema induced by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious problem in the treatment of ICH. However, the mechanisms of brain edema formation following ICH are not well-understood. We have found that hemoglobin plays an important role in edema development after ICH. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanism of brain edema formation caused by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin was infused into the right basal ganglia of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were killed 24h later to detect brain water and ion content. Meanwhile, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical studies were applied for Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) measurement. The effect of the iron chelator, deferoxamine, on PARP activation was also examined. We found that intracerebral infusion of hemoglobin caused an increase in brain water content at 24h. At the same time, PARP was activated after hemoglobin infusion. Deferoxamine (500 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced hemoglobin-induced brain edema and activation of PARP. These results demonstrate that hemoglobin can cause brain edema and activate PARP in rat brain.
...
PMID:Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and brain edema formation by hemoglobin after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. 1906 76

Constitutive ERK activation, superoxide dismutases (SOD) and p53 mutations are implicated in modulating tumor apoptotic response. We now investigated whether human melanoma survival in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is modulated by: (a) stable introduction of a DN-mutant p53; (b) pharmacologically inhibiting ERK activation with UO126; (c) addition of exogenous SOD. Nitroprusside releases nitric oxide (NO) when intact, or acts in a NO-independent manner via iron and residual cyanide after light exposure (lex-SNP). When tested at 300 microM in 72 h treatments by cytometric live-dead assays, intact SNP caused a 50% lethality versus a 30% lethality induced by lex-SNP. No protection from SNP toxicity was seen when inhibiting the PI3-kinase pathway with LY294002 or c-Jun NH(2) kinase signaling with SP600125. However, pretreatment with UO126 protected from SNP-mediated cell death including counteracting apoptosis-associated Bax expression and PARP cleavage, plus reversing loss of Cu,Zn-SOD. Moreover, addition of exogenous SOD also protected cells from SNP toxicity. In spite of the greater earlier effects of intact SNP, cells treated with single doses of either intact or lex-SNP, revealed about a 90% mortality in longer 120 h treatments, and these were also counteracted by UO126 or exogenous SOD. This report is the first to show that: constitutive ERK activation characteristic of cancer cells, increases a nitroprusside-induced apoptosis modulated by SOD.
...
PMID:ERK activation increases nitroprusside induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells irrespective of p53 status: role of superoxide dismutases. 1939 58

In prokaryotes, mono-ADP-ribose transfer enzymes represent a family of exotoxins that display activity in a variety of bacterial pathogens responsible for causing disease in plants and animals, including those affecting mankind, such as diphtheria, cholera, and whooping cough. We report here that NarE, a putative ADP-ribosylating toxin previously identified from Neisseria meningitidis, which shares structural homologies with Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin and toxin from Vibrio cholerae, possesses an iron-sulfur center. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli, and when purified at high concentration, NarE is a distinctive golden brown in color. Evidence from UV-visible spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy revealed characteristics consistent of an iron-binding protein. The presence of iron was determined by colorimetric method and by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. To identify the amino acids involved in binding iron, a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and UV-visible and enzymatic assays were performed. All four cysteine residues were individually replaced by serine. Substitution of Cys(67) and Cys(128) into serine caused a drastic reduction in the E(420)/E(280) ratio, suggesting that these two residues are essential for the formation of a stable coordination. This modification led to a consistent loss in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, while decrease in NAD-glycohydrolase activity was less dramatic in these mutants, indicating that the correct assembly of the iron-binding site is essential for transferase but not hydrolase activity. This is the first observation suggesting that a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase family contains an Fe-S cluster implicated in catalysis. This observation may unravel novel functions exerted by this class of enzymes.
...
PMID:Identification of an iron-sulfur cluster that modulates the enzymatic activity in NarE, a Neisseria meningitidis ADP-ribosyltransferase. 1974 27

Diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity are blinding disorders that follow a pathological pattern of ischemic retinopathy and affect premature infants and working-age adults. Yet, the treatment options are limited to laser photocoagulation. The goal of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanism and examine the therapeutic effects of inhibiting tyrosine nitration on protecting early retinal vascular cell death and late neovascularization in the ischemic retinopathy model. Ischemic retinopathy was developed by exposing neonatal mice to 75% oxygen [postnatal day (p) 7-p12] followed by normoxia (21% oxygen) (p12-p17). Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron III chloride (FeTPPS) (1 mg/kg), the nitration inhibitor epicatechin (10 mg/kg) or the thiol donor N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 150 mg/kg) were administered (p7-p12) or (p7-p17). Vascular endothelial cells were incubated at hyperoxia (40% oxygen) or normoxia (21% oxygen) for 48 h. Vascular density was determined in retinal flat mounts labeled with isolectin B4. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, caspase-3, and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP), activation of Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and tyrosine nitration of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase p85 subunit were analyzed by Western blot. Hyperoxia-induced peroxynitrite caused endothelial cell apoptosis as indicated by expression of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP leading to vaso-obliteration. These effects were associated with significant tyrosine nitration of the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase, decreased Akt activation, and enhanced p38 MAPK activation. Blocking tyrosine nitration of PI 3-kinase with epicatechin or NAC restored Akt phosphorylation, and inhibited vaso-obliteration at p12 and neovascularization at p17 comparable with FeTPPS. Early inhibition of tyrosine nitration with use of epicatechin or NAC can represent safe and effective vascular-protective agents in ischemic retinopathy.
...
PMID:Early intervention of tyrosine nitration prevents vaso-obliteration and neovascularization in ischemic retinopathy. 1981 13

Chemomicin (CHM), an angucyclinone antibiotic extracted from the fermentation broth of Nocardia Mediterranei subsp. Kanglensis 1747-64, shows immunosuppressive activity. However, whether it can inhibit growth of tumor cells remains elusive. In the present study, we show that CHM potently inhibited the proliferations of eight various types of human tumor cell lines and non-cross resistant to multidrug-resistant cells. In contrast to action of doxorubicin, the generation of reactive oxygen species was observed as early as 30 min after addition of CHM and its process did not involve iron. The apoptotic cells with chromatin condensation and Annexin V staining markedly increased after the human hepatoma HepG2 was exposed to 1, or 2 microg/ml CHM for 24 h. In the CHM-induced apoptosis, robust increment of p53 expression, activation of caspase-3, -7, -8, -9, cleavage of PARP and the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, were detected by Western blot analysis. Further investigation revealed the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells with CHM incubation for 4 h. Taken together, the results demonstrated that potent proliferation inhibitory effect of CHM on tumor cells is due to activation of the apoptotic pathway.
...
PMID:Induction of apoptosis by the angucyclinone antibiotic chemomicin in human tumor cells. 2004 10

The pro-oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is converted to a reactive oxygen species by transition metals like iron. Since mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene contribute to drug resistance, we used genetically-matched human C8161 melanoma harbouring wt or DN-R175H mutant p53, to investigate the influence of p53 status on the potentiation of H(2)O(2) toxicity by: (a) intact sodium nitroprusside or nitroferricyanide (SNP), (b) its light-exhausted NO-depleted form (lex-SNP), (c) potassium ferricyanide, or (d) ferric ammonium sulphate. Whereas single treatments with SNP or H(2)O(2) were partly cytotoxic, preferentially potentiation of H(2)O(2) toxicity was evidenced with intact or lex-SNP. No comparable increase of H(2)O(2) toxicity was induced by ferricyanide, ferric ammonium sulphate or S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP), a known NO donor lacking iron. Immune blotting revealed apoptosis-associated PARP cleavage induced by [SNP+H(2)O(2)] irrespective of p53 status. This correlated with an eightfold induction of [Mn-SOD; SOD2] in wt p53 melanoma cells, and with a super-induction of the same enzyme reciprocal with loss of [Cu,Zn-SOD; SOD1], in mutant p53 cells. All these changes were antagonized by the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine or the iron chelator o-phenanthroline. We hypothesize that superoxide dismutase imbalance and iron-dependent redox changes involving OH species generated from a Fenton reaction between [SNP+H(2)O(2)], may be important in this anti-tumor activity. Although tumor drug resistance is frequently associated with DN-p53 mutations, our data shows for the first time the preferential ability of SNP to enhance H(2)O(2) toxicity, irrespective of p53 status.
...
PMID:H(2)O(2) preferentially synergizes with nitroprusside to induce apoptosis associated with superoxide dismutase dysregulation in human melanoma irrespective of p53 status: Antagonism by o-phenanthroline. 2067 59

NarE is a 16 kDa protein identified from Neisseria meningitidis, one of the bacterial pathogens responsible for meningitis. NarE belongs to the ADP-ribosyltransferase family and catalyses the transfer of ADP-ribose moieties to arginine residues in target protein acceptors. Many pathogenic bacteria utilize ADP-ribosylating toxins to modify and alter essential functions of eukaryotic cells. NarE was proposed to bind iron through a Fe-S center which is supposed to be implied in catalysis. We have produced and purified uniformly labeled (15)N- and (15)N/(13)C-NarE and assigned backbone and side-chain resonances using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. These assignments provide the starting point for the three-dimensional structure determination of NarE and the characterization of the role of the Fe-S center in the catalytic mechanism.
...
PMID:NMR resonance assignments of NarE, a putative ADP-ribosylating toxin from Neisseria meningitidis. 2073 54

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a catecholaminergic neurotoxin widely used to produce experimental models of PD and has been reported to cause oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. In this study, we have investigated 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative cell death and its self-defense mechanism in C6 glioma cells. Treatment of C6 cells with 6-OHDA increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and subsequent production of nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore 6-OHDA treatment led to peroxynitrite generation and nitrotyrosine formation. 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative stress ultimately caused apoptotic cell death as determined by decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), which were attenuated by peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)prophyrinato iron(III) (FeTPPS). In another experiment, exposure of C6 glioma cells to 6-OHDA resulted in an increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity was effectively suppressed by the HO-1 inducer SnCl(2) and aggravated by HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), supporting the cytoprotective role of HO-1. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying 6-OHDA-mediated HO-1 induction, we have examined the possible involvement of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes. 6-OHDA treatment increased nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Nrf2, which seemed to be partly mediated by activation of upstream kinases such as Akt/protein kinase B (PKB). Taken together these findings suggest that HO-1 up-regulation via Nrf2 activation may mediate the cellular adaptive survival response to 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative cell death in C6 glioma cells.
...
PMID:Cellular antioxidant adaptive survival response to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nitrosative cell death in C6 glioma cells. 2139 56

The objective of the present study was to investigate the specific effects of Iron(III)-salophene (Fe-SP) on viability, morphology, proliferation, cell cycle progression, ROS generation and pro-apoptotic MAPK activation in neuroblastoma (NB) cells. A NCI-DTP cancer screen revealed that Fe-SP displayed high toxicity against cell lines of different tumor origin but not tumor type-specificity. In a viability screen Fe-SP exhibited high cytotoxicity against all three NB cell lines tested. The compound caused cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, suppression of cells progressing through S phase, morphological changes, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane depolarization potential, induction of apoptotic markers as well as p38 and JNK MAPK activation, DNA degradation, and elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SMS-KCNR NB cells. In contrast to Fe-SP, non-complexed salophene or Cu(II)-SP did not raise ROS levels in NB or SKOV-3 ovarian cancer control cells. Cytotoxicity of Fe-SP and activation of caspase-3, -7, PARP, pro-apoptotic p38 and JNK MAPK could be prevented by co-treatment with antioxidants suggesting ROS generation is the primary mechanism of cytotoxic action. We report here that Fe-SP is a potent growth-suppressing and cytotoxic agent for in vitro NB cell lines and, due to its high tolerance in previous animal toxicity studies, a potential therapeutic drug to treat NB tumors in vivo.
...
PMID:Organometallic iron(III)-salophene exerts cytotoxic properties in neuroblastoma cells via MAPK activation and ROS generation. 2155 3


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>

---