Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.4.2.30 (PARP)
 13,611 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A dissection of plant defense pathways was initiated through gene expression profiling of the responses of a single Arabidopsis thaliana genotype to isogenic Pseudomonas syringae strains expressing one of four different cloned avirulence (avr) genes. Differences in the expression profiles elicited by different resistance (R)-avr interactions were observed. A role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defense responses was suggested initially by the upregulated expression of genes encoding NUDT7 and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in multiple R-avr interactions. Gene knockout plant lines were tested for 20 candidate genes identified by the expression profiling, and Arabidopsis NUDT7 mutants allowed less growth of virulent P. syringae (as previously reported) but also exhibited a reduced hypersensitive-response phenotype. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) disrupted FLS2-mediated basal defense responses such as callose deposition. EIN2 (ethylene response) and IXR1 and IXR2 (cellulose synthase) mutants impacted the FLS2-mediated responses that occur during PARP inhibition, whereas no impacts were observed for NPR1, PAD4, or NDR1 mutants. In the expression profiling work, false-positive selection and grouping of genes was reduced by requiring simultaneous satisfaction of statistical significance criteria for each of three separate analysis methods, and by clustering genes based on statistical confidence values for each gene rather than on average fold-change of transcript abundance.
 ...
PMID:Discovery of ADP-ribosylation and other plant defense pathway elements through expression profiling of four different Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas R-avr interactions. 1839 24

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational protein modification in which ADP-ribose (ADP-Rib) units derived from NAD(+) are attached to proteins by poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. ADP-Rib groups are removed from these polymer chains by the enzyme poly(ADP-Rib) glycohydrolase (PARG). In animals, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is associated with DNA damage responses and programmed cell death. Previously, we hypothesized a role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defense responses when we detected defense-associated expression of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation-related genes PARG2 and NUDT7 and observed altered callose deposition in the presence of a chemical PARP inhibitor. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in plant defenses was more extensively investigated in this study, using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Pharmacological inhibition of PARP using 3-aminobenzamide perturbs certain innate immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns (flg22 and elf18), including callose deposition, lignin deposition, pigment accumulation, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, but does not disrupt other responses, such as the initial oxidative burst and expression of some early defense-associated genes. Mutant parg1 seedlings exhibit exaggerated seedling growth inhibition and pigment accumulation in response to elf18 and are hypersensitive to the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C. Both parg1 and parg2 knockout plants show accelerated onset of disease symptoms when infected with Botrytis cinerea. Cellular levels of ADP-Rib polymer increase after infection with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 avrRpt2(+), and pathogen-dependent changes in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of discrete proteins were also observed. We conclude that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a functional component in plant responses to biotic stress.
 ...
PMID:Disruption of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation mechanisms alters responses of Arabidopsis to biotic stress. 1988 74