Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.4.2.30 (PARP)
13,611 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been demonstrated that exposure to cocaine increases cell death in the fetal CNS. To examine the molecular mechanisms of this effect, we employed mouse oligo microarrays followed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) to compare expressions of apoptosis-related genes in the cerebral wall of 18-day-old (E18) fetuses from cocaine-treated (20 mg/kg cocaine, s.c., b.i.d., E8th-E18th) and drug-naive (saline, s.c.) mice. Out of approximately 400 relevant genes in the arrays, 53 showed alterations in expression in cocaine-exposed fetuses. Upregulation was observed in 35 proapoptotic and 8 antiapoptotic genes; 4 proapoptotic and 6 antiapoptotic genes were down-regulated. The affected genes encode a wide range of apoptosis-related proteins, including death receptors (NTF-R1, NTF-R2, DR3, DR5, LTbeta-R, GITR, P57 TR-1) and their adaptor and regulatory proteins (MASGE-D1, TRAF-2, SIVA, MET, FLIP, FAIM, IAP1, ATFA), members of transcription regulatory pathways (JNK, NF-kappaB, P53), members of BCL-2 family of proteins (BID, BAD, BAX, BIK, NIP21, NIP3, NIX, BCL-2), DNA damage sensor (PARP-1), caspases and their substrates and regulatory proteins (caspases 8, 4, 9, and 3, ACINUS, CIDE-A, CIDE-B, GAS2), mitochondrially released factors (cytochrome c, AIF, PRG3), specific endoplasmic reticulum- and oxidative stress-associated factors (BACH2, ABL1, ALG2, CHOP), members of cell survival AKT and HSP70 pathways (PIK3GA, PTEN, HSP70, BAG1, BAG2), and others. This suggests that cocaine affects survival of developing cerebral cells via multiple apoptosis-regulating mechanisms.
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PMID:Cocaine-induced changes in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in the fetal mouse cerebral wall. 1568 Nov 17

Hyperplasia of synovial lining cells is one of the main features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously reported that ERBB2 is highly expressed in RA synovial cells and that it plays an important role in their hyperproliferative growth. Recent findings have suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is involved in the transactivation of NF-kappaB-dependent genes such as ERBB2. In the present study, we investigated the role of PARP-1 in ERBB2 transcription in RA synovial cells. The expression level of PARP-1 was significantly high in synovial cells derived from three patients with RA, compared with three patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Luciferase assays revealed that PARP-1 augments the transcription of the ERBB2 gene and that a region between -404 and -368 is responsible for this activation. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of 115 kDa was isolated mainly from nuclear extracts of RA synovial cells with an affinity matrix harboring a DNA fragment identical to the above region. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated this protein to be PARP-1. Southwestern blot analysis showed that PARP-1 binds to this region, but not to adjacent regions. PARP-1 associates directly with NF-kappaB, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that these proteins interact with this enhancer region in the ERBB2 gene. Treatment of RA synovial cells with PARP-1 small interfering RNA attenuated their ERBB2 expression, while an inhibitor of the polymerase activity of PARP-1 had no effect. PARP-1 DNA binding is not required for transcriptional activation. These findings suggest that PARP-1 is involved in the expression of ERBB2 in concert with NF-kappaB, which might be associated with the proliferation of RA synovial cells.
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PMID:Involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in ERBB2 expression in rheumatoid synovial cells. 1574 88

Combination studies of celecoxib and chemotherapeutic agents suggest that combining cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors with other agents may have supra-additive or synergistic effects on tumor growth inhibition. Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), a voltage-independent calcium channel inhibitor, has been shown to induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in cancer cells. We found that continuous exposure to cytostatic doses of CAI and LM-1685, a celecoxib analogue, reduced the proliferation and survival of seven human cancer cell lines by at least one log (P < or = 0.001) over either agent alone. To explore the mechanism of action of this combination, we further studied the effects of LM-1685/CAI on CCL-250 colorectal carcinoma cells. We found that the supra-additive antiproliferative effects occurred throughout a range of LM-1685 doses (5-25 micromol/L) and paralleled a decrease in COX-2 activity as measured by prostaglandin E2 production. In these cells, treatment with LM-1685/CAI suppressed the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway within the first hour but ultimately results in high, sustained activation of ERK over a 9-day period (P = 0.0005). Suppression of cyclin D1 and phospho-AKT, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP were concomitant with persistent ERK activation. Addition of PD98059, a MEK-1 inhibitor, suppressed ERK activation and significantly but incompletely reversed these signaling events and apoptosis. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that the CAI/LM-1685 combination induced a 3-fold increase in apoptosis over control (P = 0.005) in 3 days. We show that the combination of CAI and LM-1685 produces a cytotoxic effect by suppressing proliferation and triggering apoptosis.
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PMID:Supra-additive growth inhibition by a celecoxib analogue and carboxyamido-triazole is primarily mediated through apoptosis. 1586 84

More than half of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) are associated with chromosomal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35) that leads to the expression of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) oncoprotein. NPM-ALK activates the antiapoptotic phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in cell survival and apoptosis. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway has been considered as a therapeutic target for cancer where PI3K/Akt activation is a causative factor. Genistein, a natural isoflavonoid found in soy products, has been shown to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cell lines. Here, we demonstrated that treatment of two t(2;5) ALCL cell lines, SUDHL-1 and Karpas299, with genistein induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Concurrently, these cells exhibited a decrease in Akt protein levels and subsequent downregulation of Akt activity (Akt phosphorylation). Furthermore, genistein treatment induced mitochondrial membrane potential change, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. From these results, we conclude that inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway and induction of apoptosis by genistein could be used as a new treatment modality for the prevention and/or treatment of t(2;5) ALCL and other hematopoietic malignancies.
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PMID:Genistein-induced apoptosis via Akt signaling pathway in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. 1588 21

Garcinol, from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica and other species, has been reported to suppress colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in rats. In this study, we investigate the beneficial effects of tumor prevention by garcinol on the human colorectal cancer cell line, HT-29. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is the major signaling mediator of integrin-mediated cell-matrix contact-regulated cellular proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in adherent cells. Results of Matrigel analysis show that exposure of HT-29 cells to 10 microM garcinol inhibited cell invasion, and decreased the dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. We further demonstrate by Western blot analysis that garcinol inhibited activation of the Src, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. To investigate whether the loss of integrin-mediated cell-matrix contact can induce apoptosis, we demonstrate that garcinol induced it in HT-29 cells. The apoptotic dose of garcinol (20 microM) changed the ratio of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and proapoptotic BAX proteins within 12 h, which correlated with a release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and with PARP cleavage. Additionally, we demonstrate that a decreasing MMP-7 protein level in HT-29 cells results in sensitization to garcinol. Garcinol also significantly inhibited the expression of MMP-7 in IL-1beta-induced HT-29 cells. These results suggest that garcinol reduces cell invasion and survival through the inhibition of FAK's downstream signaling.
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PMID:Garcinol modulates tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and subsequently induces apoptosis through down-regulation of Src, ERK, and Akt survival signaling in human colon cancer cells. 1605 81

Flavonoids and their in vivo metabolites are neuroprotective, cardioprotective and chemopreventive agents acting as hydrogen-donating antioxidants or modulators functioning at protein kinase and lipid signaling pathways. In presented study treatments of human leukemia cells HL60 and their MDR-1 resistant subline HL60/VCR by flavonoids apigenin (API), luteolin (LUT), quercetin (QU) and anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) are reported. Of all flavonoids used only QU treatments led in both cell lines to DNA fragmentation, cleavage of poly (ADP- ribose) polymerase (PARP), up-regulation of proapoptotic Bax and posttranslational modification (phosphorylation) of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Cytochrome c and p21WAF1/CIP1 levels remained unchanged in these cells. Furthermore, treatments of both cell lines by QU and in its combined application with DOX increased phosphorylation of ERK, while Akt-1 and phosphorylated Akt-1 levels were not changed. All these events resulted in effective induction of apoptosis associated with down-regulation of P-glycoprotein in resistant cells. Presented results suggest that in human leukemia cells QU is a potent regulator of the cell apoptotic program associated with the modulation of several signaling molecules.
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PMID:Flavonoid quercetin, but not apigenin or luteolin, induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells and their resistant variants. 1605 41

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) can induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. The mechanism of the process still needs further elucidating. This study was aimed to analyse the mechanism through which Hp induce apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. The extract from VacA(+) and CagA(+) Helicobacter pylori strain NCTC11637 was applied to induce apoptosis. The expression, breakdown, and phosphorylation of proteins were probed by Western blotting with specific antibodies. Apoptosis of the cells was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that incubating the cells with Hp extract caused the breakdown of both caspase-3 and -1. The breakdown was dose-dependent and correlated with the occurrence of the Hp extract-induced apoptosis. Among the substrates of caspase-3, DNA fragment factor (DFF) was degraded during incubation with Hp extract and a small fragment was released. However, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) did not break down during the incubation. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor Genistein prevented both the break down of caspase-3 and the apoptosis induced by Hp extract. MAPK/ERK inhibitor PD98059 did not prevent the apoptosis induced by Hp extract. The expression and activity of JNK, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Fas proteins did not change during the incubation with Hp extract. The results suggested that Hp extract initiated apoptosis in BGC-823 cells through activating tyrosine kinase, caspase-1, -3, and DFF.
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PMID:Analysis on the mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. 1614 14

During the course of a mechanism-based screening program aimed at identifying new antimitotic agents, a novel microtubule depolymerizing piperazine derivative, 1-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl)-4-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine, was identified. The compound, designated CB694, caused inhibition of proliferation of a wide range of cancer cell lines, with an average IC50 of 85 nM. A multidrug-resistant cell line was sensitive to inhibition by CB694, suggesting that this compound is a poor substrate for transport by P-glycoprotein. CB694 caused formation of abnormal mitotic structures in HeLa cells. Specifically, CB694 caused a concentration-dependent increase in bipolar spindles with lagging chromosomes and, with slightly higher concentrations, formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. These mitotic abnormalities occurred at concentrations that did not cause significant changes in the appearance or quantity of interphase microtubules. Coincident with the formation of abnormal mitotic spindles, CB694 caused G2/M arrest. CB694 inhibited the assembly of purified tubulin with an IC50 of 2.3 microM. Colchicine binding was strongly inhibited by CB694, suggesting that it binds to tubulin at the colchicine site. Bcl-2 phosphorylation and activation of ERK and JNK and caspase 3-dependent cleavage of PARP were observed in MDA-MB-435 cells treated with CB694. CB694 caused phosphorylation of Aurora A within 8 hr of treatment, and increases in Aurora A protein levels were coincident with mitotic accumulation. The efficacy of CB694 against a syngeneic murine transplantable solid tumor, Mammary 16/C, was also evaluated. CB694 was well tolerated and showed antitumor activity.
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PMID:CB694, a novel antimitotic with antitumor activities. 1615 90

MEK1/2 inhibitors like U0126 can potentiate or antagonize the antitumor activity of cytotoxic agents such as cisplatin, paclitaxel or vinblastine, depending on the drug or the target cells. We now investigated whether U0126, differentially regulates melanoma signaling in response to UV radiation or betulinic acid, a drug lethal against melanoma. This report shows that U0126 inhibits early response (ERK) kinase activation and cyclin A expression in wt p53 C8161 melanoma exposed to either UV radiation or betulinic acid. However, U0126 does not protect from UV damage, but counteracts betulinic acid-mediated apoptosis in the same cells. Protection from the latter drug by joint treatment with U0126 was also evident in wt p53 MelJuso melanoma and mutant p53 WM164 melanoma. The latter cells were the most responsive to betulinic acid, showing a selective decline in the cdk4 protein, without a comparable change in other key cell cycle proteins like cdc2, cdk2, cdk7 or cyclin A, prior to apoptosis-associated PARP fragmentation. Laser scanning cytometry also showed that betulinic acid induced a significant increase in chromatin condensation in WM164 melanoma irrespective of whether they were in adherent form or as multicellular spheroids. All these betulinic acid-induced changes were counteracted by U0126. Our data show for the first time that (a) cdk4 protein is an early target of betulinic acid-induced apoptosis and (b) unrestricted ERK signaling favours betulinic acid-induced apoptosis, but this is counteracted by U0126, partly through counteracting chromatin condensation and restoring Akt activation decreased by betulinic acid treatment.
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PMID:Signalling responses linked to betulinic acid-induced apoptosis are antagonized by MEK inhibitor U0126 in adherent or 3D spheroid melanoma irrespective of p53 status. 1615 20

The mechanisms by which long-chain dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) protect against cardiovascular disease are largely unknown. The present study determines the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) on the response of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to simulated ischaemia (SI) and reperfusion (R). Myocytes isolated from 1-2 day old Wistar rat hearts were cultured with or without EPA or ARA and exposed to 1 h SI followed by 30 minutes reperfusion. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3 activation, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and nuclear condensation. EPA (20microM) and ARA (20microM) significantly inhibited caspase-3 activation and PARP-cleavage and reduced the apoptotic index during reperfusion. Both fatty acids significantly increased ERK phosphorylation and decreased p38 phosphorylation during reperfusion. The mechanism of action of ARA on the MAPKs was further investigated with okadaic acid (to inhibit serine-threonine phosphatases) and orthovanadate (to inhibit tyrosine phosphatases). Vanadate, but not okadaic acid, significantly reduced ARA-induced inhibition of p38 phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement a tyrosine phosphatase during SI/R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a dual-specificity phosphatase, was targeted and a significant induction of MKP-1 by ARA and EPA was observed. It was demonstrated for the first time that EPA and ARA protect neonatal cardiac myocytes from ischaemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis through activation of ERK as well as induction of a dual-specific phosphatase, causing dephosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic kinase, p38. The cardioprotective effects of EPA and ARA could also be demonstrated on the functional recovery of isolated perfused hearts subjected to global ischemia.
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PMID:Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury via a MAPK dependent pathway. 1621 66


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