Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.4.2.30 (PARP)
13,611 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholera toxin catalyzed the ADP-ribosylation of a single plasma membrane protein (Mr 55 000) of both RL-PR-C rat hepatocytes and purified rat liver plasma membranes. Labeling of this protein from nicotinamide [2,8-3H]adenine dinucleotide was competitively inhibited by free arginine, but by no other amino acid tested, including lysine. The same protein was ADP-ribosylated from NAD+ endogenously, i.e., in the absence of toxin. This process was, however, not competitively inhibited by added arginine nor by any other amino acid tested lysine. Free ADP-ribose, even in 50-fold molar excess over the nicotinamide [2,8-3H]adenine dinucleotide substrate, did not reduce (by isotope dilution) the endogenous or cholera toxin-catalyzed labeling of the 55 000 dalton membrane protein. It is likely, therefore, that hepatocyte plasma membranes contain an ADP-ribosyltransferase, with a mechanism similar to that of the A subunit of cholera toxin, in that both transfer ADP-ribose to the same membrane protein and in that neither apparently produce free ADP-ribose as an intermediate. It is also clear that the acceptor residue in the 55 000 dalton protein is different for each process. Cholera toxin-catalyzed and endogenous transfer of ADP-ribose to the hepatocyte plasma membrane protein, in contrast to a pigeon erythrocyte system, required no cytosolic factors. The results indicate that ADP-ribosylation in cloned differentiated rat hepatocytes differs from that in pigeon erythrocytes in that the acceptor protein is larger (55 000 compared to 42 000 daltons), cytosolic factors are not required and transfer of ADP-ribose to the acceptor protein occurs endogenously.
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PMID:Endogenous and cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a plasma membrane protein by RL-PR-C cloned rat hepatocytes. 722 28

When isolated myelin membranes were ADP-ribosylated by [32P]NAD+ either in the absence of toxin (by the membrane ADP-ribosyltransferase) or in the presence of cholera toxin, the same proteins were ADP-ribosylated in both cases and myelin basic protein (MBP) was the major radioactive product. Therefore, cholera toxin was considered a good model for ADP-ribosylation of myelin proteins. Although purified human MBP migrates as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular mass of 20 kDa, the microheterogeneity that is masked under these conditions can be clearly demonstrated on alkaline-urea gels at pH 10.6. At this pH, MBP is resolved into several components that differ one from the other by a single charge (charge isomers). These charge isomers can be resolved on CM52 columns at pH 10.6, and several can be ADP-ribosylated. Component 1 (C-1), the most cationic charge isomer, incorporated 1.79 mol of ADP-ribose/mol of protein. C-2 and C-3 (which differ from C-1 by the loss of one and two positive charges, respectively) incorporated slightly less at 1.67 and 1.63 mol of ADP-ribose/mol of protein, respectively, whereas C-8, the least cationic, incorporated less than 0.11 mol/mol of protein. In the presence of neutral hydroxylamine, the ADP-ribosyl bond was shown to have a half-life of about 80 min, suggesting an N-glycosidic linkage between ADP-ribose and an arginyl residue of the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:ADP-ribosylation of human myelin basic protein. 751 50

We have previously characterized several G proteins in endothelial cells (EC) as substrates for the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of both pertussis (PT) and cholera toxin and described the modulation of key EC physiological responses, including gap formation and barrier function, by these toxins. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms involved in PT-mediated regulation of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells barrier function. PT caused a dose-dependent increase in albumin transfer, dependent upon action of the holotoxin, since neither the heat-inactivated PT, the isolated oligomer, nor the protomer induced EC permeability. PT-induced gap formation and barrier dysfunction were additive to either thrombin- or thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced permeability, suggesting that thrombin and PT utilize distinct mechanisms. PT did not result in Ca2+ mobilization or alter either basal or thrombin-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation. However, PT stimulated protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and both PKC downregulation and PKC inhibition attenuated PT-induced permeability, indicating that PKC activity is involved in PT-induced barrier dysfunction. Like thrombin-induced permeability, the PT effect was blocked by prior increases in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Thus PT-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a G protein (possibly other than Gi) may regulate cytoskeletal protein interactions, leading to EC barrier dysfunction.
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PMID:Mechanisms of pertussis toxin-induced barrier dysfunction in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers. 754 50

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that activate cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase in vitro and participate in intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking. ARFs are activated when bound GDP is replaced by GTP and inactivated by hydrolysis of bound GTP to yield ARF-GDP. Usually, ARFs are isolated in an inactive GDP-bound state and require addition of GTP along with detergent or phospholipid for activity. Purified mutant recombinant ARF1 lacking the first 13 amino acids (r delta 13ARF1-P) stimulated cholera toxin activity essentially equally with or without added GTP (and phospholipid or detergent), at least in part due to the presence of bound nucleotides, which later were identified as GTP and GDP. Nucleotide-free r delta 13ARF1 (r delta 13ARF1-F), prepared by dialysis against 7 M urea, was active without added GTP in the absence of SDS but inactive without added GTP in its presence. Renaturation of r delta 13ARF1-F in the presence of GTP, ITP, or GDP yielded, respectively, r delta 13ARF1-GTP and r delta 13ARF1-ITP, which were active, and r delta 13ARF1-GDP, which was inactive. Effects of phospholipids and detergents on nucleotide exchangeability evaluated as effects on activity of rARF1 and r delta 13ARF1-F differed. With r delta 13ARF1-F, 100 microM ITP and 100 microM GTP were essentially equally effective in the presence of cardiolipin or SDS. The finding that r delta 13ARF1 differs from rARF1 in the effects of phospholipids and detergents on nucleotide binding is consistent with the conclusion that the ARF amino terminus plays an important role in nucleotide binding and its specificity as well as the molecular conformation and associated activity.
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PMID:Isolation of an amino-terminal deleted recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 in an activated nucleotide-free state. 770 74

The heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli is immunologically and physiochemically related to cholera enterotoxin. A number of studies have been performed to determine the relationship of the ADP-ribosylating enzymatic activity of these enterotoxins to toxicity and adjuvanticity. These studies have generally examined the effect of abolishing the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of A1 by a variety of chemical or genetic manipulations. In every case, loss of enzymatic activity was associated with loss of biological activity and also with the ability of the molecules to function as oral adjuvants. Consequently, we explored an alternate approach to detoxification of LT without altering its adjuvanticity. Specifically, we generated a novel mutant form of LT by genetic modification of the proteolytically sensitive residues that join the A1 and A2 components of the A subunit. This mutant contains a single amino acid substitution within the disulfide subtended region joining A1 and A2. This mutant toxin, designated LT(R192G), is not sensitive to proteolytic activation, has negligible activity on mouse Y-1 adrenal tumor cells, and is devoid of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Nonetheless, LT(R192G) retains the ability to function as a mucosal adjuvant, increasing the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA responses to coadministered antigen (OVA) beyond that achieved with administration of that antigen alone. Further, LT(R192G) prevented the induction of tolerance to coadministered antigen and did not induce tolerance against itself, as demonstrated by the presence of significant serum anti-LT IgG and mucosal anti-LT IgA antibodies in immunized mice.
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PMID:Dissociation of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin adjuvanticity from ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. 772 64

We examined the capacity of a genetically detoxified derivative of pertussis toxin (PTX), PT-9K/129G, to act as a mucosal adjuvant for an intranasally (i.n.) administered tetanus vaccine. Groups of mice were immunized i.n. with the nontoxic C-terminal 50-kDa portion of tetanus toxin (fragment C [Frg C]) either alone or mixed with PT-9K/129G, PTX, or cholera toxin (CT) or were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with an equivalent amount of Frg C adsorbed to alhydrogel. In response to a single immunization, mice receiving Frg C plus PT-9K/129G or CT i.n. and parenterally immunized mice developed high-titer (> 20,000) anti-Frg C antibodies, whereas mice immunized i.n. with Frg C plus PTX or with Frg C alone seroconverted only after being boosted. The serum anti-Frg C response was dominated by immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in mice immunized with Frg C plus PT-9K/129G, with Frg C plus PTX, or s.c. In contrast, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b contributed almost equally to the Frg C response when CT was the adjuvant. Anti-Frg C IgE was detected only in the sera of mice immunized i.n. with Frg C plus PTX and immunized s.c. with Frg C plus alhydrogel. High levels of IgA antibodies were present in nasal lavage fluid from mice immunized i.n. with Frg C plus PT-9K/129G, PTX, or CT but not in that from mice given Frg C alone i.n. or parenterally. The mucosal adjuvanticity of PT-9K/129G was manifested in inbred as well as outbred mice. A single i.n. dose of Frg C plus either PT-9K/129G or PTX (with high specific activity) was sufficient to protect all immunized mice from tetanus toxin challenge, in contrast to the case for mice that received Frg C alone i.n. We conclude that the pertussis toxin analog PT-9K/129G, which is devoid of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, is a potent mucosal adjuvant for vaccines delivered via the respiratory tract.
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PMID:A mutant pertussis toxin molecule that lacks ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, PT-9K/129G, is an effective mucosal adjuvant for intranasally delivered proteins. 776 87

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), initially described as activators of cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, regulate intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking and stimulate a phospholipase D (PLD) isoform. ARF-like (ARL) proteins are structurally related to ARFs but do not activate cholera toxin and have relatively little effect on PLD. A new human ARL gene termed hARL1, which shares 57% amino acid identity with hARF1, was identified using a polymerase chain reaction-based cloning method. To determine whether different structural elements are responsible for the activation structural elements are responsible for the activation of the A subunit of cholera toxin and PLD, chimeric proteins were constructed by switching the amino-terminal 73 amino acids of ARF1 and ARL1. The recombinant rL73/F protein, in which the amino-terminal 73 amino acids of ARL1 replaced those of ARF1, activated the A subunit of cholera toxin, whereas the rF73/L protein, in which the NH2-terminal 73 amino acids of ARF1 replaced those of ARL1, was inactive. The two chimeric proteins had quite opposite effects on PLD activity. rF73/L activated PLD as effectively as rARF1, whereas rL73/F protein activated PLD only slightly. It appears that the amino-terminal region of ARF1 is not critical for its action as a GTP-dependent activator of cholera toxin, whereas it is necessary for activation of the putative effector enzyme, PLD.
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PMID:Different ARF domains are required for the activation of cholera toxin and phospholipase D. 781 76

Recently, two deoxyribose analogs of beta NAD+ (2'-deoxy and 3'-deoxyNAD+) have been synthesized and purified in this laboratory. Whereas 2'-deoxyNAD+ was an efficient substrate for arg-specific mon(ADP-ribosyl) transferases, it was not a substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Instead, it was a non-competitive inhibitor of beta NAD+ in the ADP-ribose polymerization reaction catalyzed by PARP. Thus, 2'-deoxyNAD+ has been utilized to distinguish between mono(ADP-ribose) and poly(ADP-ribose) acceptor proteins. 2'-deoxyNAD+ has also been used to characterize the arg-specific mono(2'-deoxyADP-ribosyl)ation reaction of PARP with cholera toxin or avian mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase. By contrast, 3'-deoxyNAD+ can effectively be utilized as a substrate by PARP. However, while the estimated Km and Kcat of polymerization with 3'-deoxyNAD+ were 20 microM and 0.11 moles/sec, the Km and Kcat with beta NAD+ as a substrate were 59 microM and 1.29 moles/sec, respectively. Determination of the average size of 3'-deoxyADP-ribose polymers indicated that chains no larger than four residues are synthesized with this substrate. Thus, the utilization of 3'-deoxyNAD+ has facilitated the electrophoretic identification of poly(ADP-ribose) acceptor proteins in mammalian chromatin.
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PMID:DeoxyNAD and deoxyADP-ribosylation of proteins. 789 66

Cholera toxin (CTX) is composed of two subunits, subunit A, which possesses ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, and subunit B, which is responsible for receptor binding. It has previously been shown that agents that increase cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in cells induce differentiation of PC12 cells into neurite-like cells. In this report, we show that as little as 100 pg of CTX per ml induces such changes. CTX was found to ADP-ribosylate at least four membrane proteins of PC12 cells in vitro and in vivo and to increase intracellular cAMP levels. We have developed an inducible ctx gene expression system in Vibrio cholerae by using the tac promoter. The culture medium of the CTX-producing bacteria was able to induce the morphological changes and the ADP-ribosylation of the PC12 cell membrane proteins. We have constructed two CTX-cross-reactive mutant proteins (CTX-CRM) by site-directed mutagenesis. The choice of glutamic acid 29 as the target amino acid was based on sequence similarities with other bacterial toxins. CTX-CRM-E29 delta, in which the Glu-29 of the A subunit was deleted, showed strongly reduced ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and did not induce significant morphological changes of PC12 cells. In contrast, CTX-CRM-E29D, in which the Glu-29 was replaced by an aspartic acid, was as active as the wild-type protein. We conclude that the ADP-ribosylation activity of CTX is important for the toxin-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. Pertussis toxin, which had no visible effect on PC12 cell morphology, was also able to ADP-ribosylate a membrane-bound protein(s) in vitro and in vivo. Pertussis toxin alone did not significantly increase cAMP levels in PC12 cells, but it acted synergistically with CTX.
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PMID:Importance of ADP-ribosylation in the morphological changes of PC12 cells induced by cholera toxin. 792 73

Previous studies of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin have suggested that proteolytic cleavage plays an important role in the expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and toxicity. Specifically, several studies have implicated a trypsin-like cleavage at arginine 192, which lies within an exposed region subtended by a disulfide bond in the intact A subunit, in toxicity. To investigate the role of this modification in the enzymatic and cytotonic properties of heat-labile enterotoxin, the response of purified, recombinant A subunit to tryptic activation and the effect of substituting arginine 192 with glycine on the activities of the holotoxin were examined. The recombinant A subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin exhibited significant levels of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity that were only nominally increased (approximately twofold) by prior limited trypsinolysis. The enzymatic activity also did not appear to be affected by auto-ADP-ribosylation that occurs during the high-level synthesis of the recombinant A subunit in E. coli. A mutant form of the holotoxin containing the arginine 192-to-glycine substitution exhibited levels of cytotonic activity for CHO cells that were similar to that of the untreated, wild-type holotoxin but exhibited a marked delay in the ability to increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP in Caco-2 cells. The results indicate that trypsin-like cleavage of the A subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin at arginine 192 is not requisite to the expression of enzymatic activity by the A subunit and further reveal that this modification, although it enhances the biological and enzymatic activities of the toxin, is not absolutely required for the enterotoxin to elicit cytotonic effects.
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PMID:Role of trypsin-like cleavage at arginine 192 in the enzymatic and cytotonic activities of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. 792 84


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