Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.4.1.18 (branching enzyme)
 628 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Inclusion bodies containing glycogen-enzymes were found in 30 to 60% of type 2 fibres of tenotomized calf muscles (m. gastrocnemius, m. soleus, m. plantaris) in rats, using histochemical reactions. The bodies appeared within 1 week after the tenotomy and were localized both in the central and the subsarcolemmal regions and rarely extruded into the extracellular space. These aggregates are 3 to 15 microns in length and 2 to 11 microns in diameter. In addition to glycogen, these bodies also contained various enzymes of the glycogen metabolism such as phosphorylase, a branching enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphatase, but showed no NADH-reductase, lactate dehydrogenase, or myofibrillar ATP-ase activity. The results indicate that glycogen-enzymes containing bodies are a degenerative phenomenon, which occurs only in type 2 fibres of the tenotomized muscles.
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PMID:Glycogen-enzymes containing bodies in type 2 fibres of tenotomized muscles in the rat. 255 27

The role of biomembranes in the chronic toxicity of environmentally occurring chromium acetate hydroxide was investigated by using primary human fibroblasts. Transport of chromium acetate hydroxide across the plasma membrane of the cell, and the effects of chromium (III) ions on the plasma membrane as well as other intracellular membranes, were determined during six weeks of continuous exposure by using atomic absorption spectrometry, observation of cell morphology, membrane integrity assays (for lactate dehydrogenase leakage and lysosomal membrane disruption), and mitochondrial assays (for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential analysis). The type of cell death induced by long-term exposure was determined in terms of phosphatidylserine externalisation, caspase-3 activation, and chromatin fragmentation. Chromium acetate hydroxide, at a concentration of 100 micromol/l, accumulated in exposed cells, inflicting plasma membrane damage and suppressing mitochondrial function. Antioxidant co-enzyme Q, at a concentration of 10 micromol/l, partially prevented plasma membrane damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Exposure to chromium acetate hydroxide produced apoptosis, necrosis and an intermediate type of cell death in primary human fibroblasts. These results show that the plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane are important targets for chronic chromium acetate hydroxide toxicity, and that this in vitro system holds promise for studying the toxicity resulting from long-term exposure to metal ions.
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PMID:The role of biomembranes in chromium (III)-induced toxicity in vitro. 1618 Sep 79

Mechanisms related to the development of cassava storage roots and starch accumulation remain largely unknown. To evaluate genome-wide expression patterns during tuberization, a 60 mer oligonucleotide microarray representing 20 840 cassava genes was designed to identify differentially expressed transcripts in fibrous roots, developing storage roots and mature storage roots. Using a random variance model and the traditional twofold change method for statistical analysis, 912 and 3 386 upregulated and downregulated genes related to the three developmental phases were identified. Among 25 significantly changed pathways identified, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis was the most evident one. Rate-limiting enzymes were identified from each individual pathway, for example, enolase, L-lactate dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase for glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme and glucan phosphorylase for sucrose and starch metabolism. This study revealed that dynamic changes in at least 16% of the total transcripts, including transcription factors, oxidoreductases/transferases/hydrolases, hormone-related genes, and effectors of homeostasis. The reliability of these differentially expressed genes was verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. These studies should facilitate our understanding of the storage root formation and cassava improvement.
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PMID:Expression profiling of cassava storage roots reveals an active process of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. 2120 84