Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.4.1.18 (branching enzyme)
 628 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glycogen storage disease type IV due to branching enzyme deficiency was found in an inbred family of Norwegian forest cats, an uncommon breed of domestic cats. Skeletal muscle, heart, and CNS degeneration were clinically apparent and histologically evident in affected cats older than 5 mo of age, but cirrhosis and hepatic failure, hallmarks of the human disorder, were absent. Beginning at or before birth, affected cats accumulated an abnormal glycogen in many tissues that was determined by histochemical, enzymatic, and spectral analysis to be a poorly branched alpha-1,4-D-glucan. Branching enzyme activity was less than 0.1 of normal in liver and muscle of affected cats and partially deficient (0.17-0.75 of normal) in muscle and leukocytes of the parents of affected cats. These data and pedigree analysis indicate that branching enzyme deficiency is a simple autosomal recessive trait in this family. This is the first reported animal model of human glycogen storage disease type IV. A breeding colony derived from a relative of the affected cats has been established.
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PMID:Glycogen storage disease type IV: inherited deficiency of branching enzyme activity in cats. 133 88

Although type IV glycogen storage disease (Andersen disease; McKusick 23250) is considered to be a rare, autosomally recessive disorder, of the more than 600 patients with glycogenosis identified in our laboratory by enzymatic assays, 6% have been shown to be deficient in the glycogen branching enzyme. Most of the 38 patients with type IV glycogen storage disease who are known to us have succumbed at a very early age, with the exception of one male teenager, an apparently healthy 7-year-old male, and several 5-year-old patients. Fourteen pregnancies at risk for branching enzyme deficiency have been monitored using cultured amniotic fluid cells, and four additional pregnancies have been screened using cultured chorionic villi. Essentially no branching enzyme activity was detectable in eight samples (amniocytes); activities within the control range were found in five samples (three amniocyte and two chorionic villi samples); and five samples appeared to have been derived from carriers. In two of the cases lacking branching enzyme activity, in which the pregnancies were terminated and fibroblasts were successfully cultured from the aborted fetuses, no branching enzyme activity was found. Another fetus, which was predicted by antenatal assay to be affected, was carried to term. Skin fibroblasts from this baby were deficient in branching enzyme. Pregnancies at risk for glycogen storage disease due to the deficiency of branching enzyme can be successfully monitored using either cultured chorionic villi or amniocytes.
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PMID:Branching enzyme activity of cultured amniocytes and chorionic villi: prenatal testing for type IV glycogen storage disease. 252 70

An unusual patient with Andersen disease (glycogenosis type IV) is presented, with only relatively mild clinical symptoms at the age of 8 years. The patient has a profound deficiency of glycogen-branching enzyme.
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PMID:A juvenile variant of glycogenosis IV (Andersen disease). 346 25

Polyglucosan body diseases in adults, contrary to infantile cases (Andersen's disease or type IV glycogenosis or amylopectinosis), are usually not associated with a significant deficiency of the branching enzyme (= amylo-1,4-1,6 transglucosidase). We, therefore, report on a 19-year-old male with complete branching enzyme deficiency presenting with severe myopathy, dilative cardiomyopathy, heart failure, dysmorphic features, and subclinical neuropathy. His 14-year-old brother had similar symptoms and was erroneously classified by a previous muscle biopsy as having central core disease but could later be identified as also having polyglucosan body myopathy. The skeletal muscle, endomyocardiac, and sural nerve biopsies as well as the autopsy revealed extraordinarily severe deposits of polyglucosan bodies not only in striated and smooth muscle fibers, but also in histiocytes, fibroblasts, perineurial cells, axons and astrocytes. Occasional paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions were also noted. Thus, this patient represents to our knowledge the first juvenile, familial case of polyglucosan body disease with total branching enzyme deficiency and extensive polyglucosan body storage.
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PMID:Juvenile hereditary polyglucosan body disease with complete branching enzyme deficiency (type IV glycogenosis). 768 69

Type IV glycogen storage disease, also termed Andersen's disease or amylopectinosis, is a rare autosomic recessive hereditary disease usually caused by a deficit in glycogen branching enzyme. We report our observation of two siblings with type IV glycogen storage disease who had normal branching enzyme activity. The initial symptom was severe heart failure. A 14-year-old boy, born to consanguinous parents, was seen for severe global heart failure. Growth retardation had been diagnosed since the age of 6 and abnormal fatigability since the age of 12. Muscle and endomyocardium biopsies revealed abnormal glycogen storage with normal branching enzyme activity. The patient's condition improved after symptomatic treatment, but death occurred due to infectious complications after orthoptic heart transplantation. One year later, the proband's 12-year-old sister, with an uneventful personal medical history, was hospitalized for severe left ventricular failure. Muscle and liver biopsies demonstrated the same anomalies, again without branching enzyme deficiency in the liver. Heart failure was controlled with symptomatic care and the patient's current condition remains satisfactory. This observation demonstrates the clinical expression of familial type IV glycogen storage disease in patients with normal branching enzyme activity. Age at onset is quite variable, reported from 5 to 70 years, as is the clinical course before diagnosis.
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PMID:[Severe cardiomyopathy revealing amylopectinosis. Two cases in adolescents from the same family]. 797 33

A neonate with deficiency of branching enzyme (glycogenosis type IV) presented symptoms of severe hypotonia pre- and postnatally, and dilated cardiomyopathy in early infancy. The classical clinical manifestation of liver cirrhosis was not present, although amylopectin-like inclusions were found in the hepatocytes. In contrast to a previous report, the neurons in the brain stem and spinal anterior horns contained PAS-positive, diastase-resistant deposits. The combined involvement of the muscles and motor neurones could account for the severity of hypotonia. The muscle biopsy, electromyogram and biochemical and enzyme assays were helpful in establishing the diagnosis.
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PMID:Neonatal hypotonia and cardiomyopathy secondary to type IV glycogenosis. 805 7

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from deficient glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE) activity. The classic and most common form is progressive liver cirrhosis and failure leading to either liver transplantation or death by 5 yr of age. However, the liver disease is not always progressive. In addition, a neuromuscular type of the disease has been reported. The molecular basis of GSD-IV is not known, nor is there a known reason for the clinical variability. We studied the GBE gene in patients with various presentations of GSD-IV. Three point mutations in the GBE gene were found in two patients with the classical presentation: R515C, F257L, and R524X. Transient expression experiments showed that these mutations inactivated GBE activity. Two point mutations, L224P and Y329S, were detected in two separate alleles of a patient with the nonprogressive hepatic form. The L224P resulted in complete loss of GBE activity, whereas the Y329S resulted in loss of approximately 50% of GBE activity. The Y329S allele was also detected in another patient with the nonprogressive form of GSD-IV but not in 35 unrelated controls or in patients with the more severe forms of GSD-IV. A 210-bp deletion from nucleotide 873 to 1082 of the GBE cDNA was detected in a patient with the fatal neonatal neuromuscular presentation. This deletion, representing the loss of one full exon, was caused by a 3' acceptor splicing site mutation (ag to aa). The deletion abolished GBE activity. Our studies indicate that the three different forms of GSD-IV were caused by mutations in the same GBE gene. The data also suggest that the significant retention of GBE activity in the Y329S allele may be a reason for the mild disease. Further study of genotype/phenotype correlations may yield useful information in predicting the clinical outcomes.
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PMID:Hepatic and neuromuscular forms of glycogen storage disease type IV caused by mutations in the same glycogen-branching enzyme gene. 861 47

The classic clinical presentation for type IV glycogen storage disease (branching enzyme deficiency, GSD IV) is hepatosplenomegaly with failure to thrive occurring in the first 18 months of life, followed by progressive liver failure and death by age 5 years. Although there have been two patients without apparent liver progression previously reported, no long-term follow-up clinical data have been available. We present here the clinical spectrum of the non-progressive liver form of GSD IV in four patients, and long-term follow-up of the oldest identified patients (ages 13 and 20 years). None has developed progressive liver cirrhosis, skeletal muscle, cardiac or neurological involvement, and none has been transplanted. Branching enzyme activity was also measured in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with the classic liver progressive, the early neonatal fatal, and the non-progressive hepatic presentations of GSD IV. The residual branching enzyme activity in the patients without progression was not distinguishable from the other forms and could not be used to predict the clinical course. Our data indicate that GSD IV does not always necessitate hepatic transplantation and that caution should be used when counselling patients regarding the prognosis of GSD IV. Patients should be carefully monitored for evidence of progression before recommending liver transplantation.
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory findings in four patients with the non-progressive hepatic form of type IV glycogen storage disease. 883 Jan 77

Type IV glycogenosis or Andersen disease is characterized by a deficiency in branching enzyme. This rare disease is exceptionally seen at birth. The clinico-pathological data are then typical: severe hypotonia with hypoventilation and cellular storage, without any hepatosplenomegaly. The stored material is PAS positive, sometimes made of crystals and appeared birefringent under polarized light. Granulo-filamentous inclusions are shown by electron microscopy, essentially observed in muscle and liver without cirrhosis. Death occurs rapidly. The present case was typical. It is the eleventh reported case in the literature.
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PMID:[Congenital variant of type IV glycogenosis. Anatomoclinical report of a case]. 909 Sep 36

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by deficient glycogen branching enzyme (GBE). We report a 15-month-old female patient with GSD-IV who exhibited an abdominal distension and failure to thrive for 9 months. The patient showed hepatosplenomegaly with massive ascites. The laboratory findings showed abnormal liver functions including prolongation of prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. The light microscopic and electron microscopic findings of the liver biopsy specimen were consistent with GSD-IV. Measurement of glycogen quantity in the red blood cells showed increased storage of glycogen in the patient and interestingly, in her mother. The GBE activity of the patient's red blood cells was undetectable. The patient's ascites, general condition, and laboratory findings have been improved with supportive treatment with diuretics and a low dose of prednisolone.
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PMID:Glycogen storage disease type IV: a case report. 961 Jun 25


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