Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.4.1.14 (SPS)
 813 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to assess the effect of food processing on the degradation of exogenous DNA components in sweet rice wine and rice crackers made from genetically modified (GM) rice (Oryza sativa L.), we developed genomic DNA extraction methods and compared the effect of different food processing procedures on DNA degradation. It was found that the purity, quantity and quality of DNA by alkaline lysis method were higher than by CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method. For sweet rice wine, CAMV35S (cauliflower mosaic virus 35S) promoter and NOS (nopaline synthase) terminator were degraded by the third day, whereas the exogenous gene Bar (bialaphos resistance) remained unaffected. For rice crackers, boiling, drying and microwaving contributed to the initial degradations of DNA. Baking resulted in further degradations, and frying led to the most severe changes. These results indicated that the stability of DNA in GM rice was different under different processing conditions. For sweet rice wine, Bar was most stable, followed by NOS, CAMV35S, and SPS. For rice crackers, CAMV35S was most stable, followed by SPS, NOS, and Bar.
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PMID:Degradation of transgene DNA in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant rice during food processing. 2187 42

Cystine-based gemini surfactants with dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl hydrocarbon chains were synthesized, and their interactions with unsaturated (soy phosphatidylcholine, SPC)/saturated (hydrogenated SPC, HSPC) soy phosphatidylcholines in the forms of a monolayer and a model liposome were estimated for different combinations of the components in the mixed systems. Studies of Langmuir monolayers at the air-aqueous buffer interface revealed condensation of the monomolecular films with the addition of surfactants. The effect of surfactants decreased according to the following order: octadecyl > hexadecyl > tetradecyl > dodecyl homologs. The nonideal mixing between the components was estimated using the deviation of the experimental molecular area from the ideal area per molecule. The excess molecular area increased with the increase in the surfactant chain length and phospholipid saturation. The 50 mol % mixture of cystine derivatives and phospholipids formed thermodynamically stable monolayers. The surfactants increased the rigidity of SPC monolayers and decreased that of HSPC monolayers, as observed by the studies of surface dialational rheology. The film structure at the air-water interface could differentiate the SPC- and HSPC-comprising systems through the formation of organized regions, especially at a higher surface pressure. The constriction of surfactant/phospholipid hybrid vesicles was observed with an increase in the length of surfactant hydrocarbon chains. The negative zeta potential of vesicles took the highest values and did not change with time for 20 and 50 mol % surfactant. The spherical shape of the vesicles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed an increase in fluidity of HSPC bilayers and rigidity of SPS bilayers under the influence of surfactants. These effects were confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. All of the vesicle formulations were found to be nontoxic from the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, suggesting their potential as a novel membranous system for the delivery of drugs, genetic materials, vaccines, and other therapeutic agents.
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PMID:Double-Tailed Cystine Derivatives as Novel Substitutes of Phospholipids with Special Reference to Liposomes. 2765 7