Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.4.1.14 (SPS)
813 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diel variations in rates of C export, sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) activity, and C reserves were investigated in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) to elucidate the environmental regulation of sucrose formation and partitioning in this ecologically important species. Rates of C flux and SPS activity increased with leaf age, consistent with the ontogenic transition from sink to source status. Rates of C export and photosynthesis were low but quantitatively consistent with those of many terrestrial plant species. The Vmax activity of SPS approached that of maize, but substrate-limited rates were 20 to 25% of Vmax, indicating a large pool of inactive SPS. SPS was unresponsive to the day/night transition or to a 3-fold increase in photosynthesis generated by high [CO2] and showed little sensitivity to inorganic phosphate. Consequently, regulation of eelgrass SPS appeared similar to starch- rather than to sugar-accumulating species even though eelgrass accumulates sucrose. Leaf [sucrose] was constant and high throughout the diel cycle, which may contribute to the down-regulation of SPS. Root sucrose synthase activity was high but showed no response to nocturnal anoxia. Root [sucrose] also showed no diel cycle. The temporal stability of [sucrose] confers an ability for eelgrass to buffer the effects of prolonged light limitation that may be key to its survival and ecological success in environments subject to periods of extreme light limitation and chaotic daily variation in light availability.
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PMID:Carbon Partitioning in Eelgrass (Regulation by Photosynthesis and the Response to Daily Light-Dark Cycles). 1222 71

A gene underlying a quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling plant height on chromosome 1 (QTLph1) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was identified using the candidate-gene strategy. First, the function of a targeted gene was analyzed using near isogenic lines (NILs) in which the chromosomal region of a targeted QTL was substituted with that of another line. Second, for physiological information, the candidate gene was selected in the annotation data by the genome sequencing. Physiological analyses of an NIL-expressing QTLph1 (NIL6) suggested that the targeted gene controls plant height by enabling higher amounts of sucrose to be translocated in leaves. The results indicated that the gene for sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14), the major limiting enzyme for sucrose synthesis, is a candidate gene for QTLph1 among the annotation results of the region of QTLph1. The higher level of SPS transcripts and the activity of SPS in NIL6 compared to control plants, and the fact that the relative SPS activity per SPS protein content was almost the same between NIL6 and Nipponbare suggested that the higher plant height in NIL6 compared to Nipponbare was due to the high SPS activity in NIL6. In agreement with this hypothesis, transgenic rice plants with a maize SPS gene that had about 3 times the SPS activity of that in Nipponbare (control plants) were significantly taller than Nipponbare from the early growth stage. From these results and the physiological data from NIL6, we concluded that SPS is the targeted gene underlying QTLph1.
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PMID:Identification of a new gene controlling plant height in rice using the candidate-gene strategy. 1453 88

Biomimetically deposited octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and carbonate apatite (BCA) as well as electrolytically deposited carbonate apatite (ECA) were considered as promising alternatives to conventional plasma spraying hydroxyapatite. This study compared their physicochemical characteristics and cell attachment behavior. The physicochemical characteristics included scanning electron microscopy observation, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, surface roughness, coating thickness, dissolution test and scratch test. Cell attachment tests included morphology observation with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy as well as cell number count with DNA content assay. The OCP coating had 100% crystallinity and was about 40 microm thick, composed of large plate-like crystals of 30 microm, with the lowest surface roughness (R(a)=2.33 microm). The BCA coating had 60% crystallinity and was approximately 30 microm in thickness, composed of small crystals of 1-2 microm in size, with the highest surface roughness (R(a)=4.83 microm). The ECA coating had intermediate characteristics, with 78% crystallinity, 45 microm thickness, crystals of 5-6 microm and an average roughness of 3.87 microm. All coatings could be seen by eyes dissolving quickly and completely into acidic simulated body fluid (simulated physiological solutions-SPS, pH 3.0) but slowly and incompletely into neutral SPS (pH 7.3). It was suggested that the main factor determining coating dissolution in acidic SPS was the solubility isotherm, while some other factors including crystallinity and crystal size joined to determine coating dissolution in neutral SPS. In regard to adhesive strength, results of scratch test showed the critical load at the first crack of coating (L(c1)) was tightly related to crystal size as well as their arrangement, while the critical load at the total delamination of coating (L(c2)) was also related to the coating thickness. The ECA coating had the highest values. Owing to higher dissolution rate and globular appearance, BCA coating demonstrated the best goat bone marrow stromal cells attachment at 1 day or 3 days, followed by OCP and ECA coating.
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PMID:Biomimetic and electrolytic calcium phosphate coatings on titanium alloy: physicochemical characteristics and cell attachment. 1460 96

Sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; E.C. 2.4.1.14) is the plant enzyme thought to play a major role in sucrose biosynthesis. In photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues, SPS is regulated by metabolites and by reversible protein phosphorylation. In leaves, phosphorylation modulates SPS activity in response to light/dark signals and end-product accumulation. SPS is phosphorylated on multiple seryl residues in vivo, and the major regulatory phosphorylation site involved is Ser158 in spinach leaves and Ser162 in maize leaves. Regulation of the enzymatic activity of SPS appears to involve calcium, metabolites, and novel "coarse" control of the protein phosphatase that activates SPS. Activation of SPS also occurs during osmotic stress of leaf tissue in darkness, which may function to facilitate sucrose formation for osmoregulation. Manipulation of SPS expression in vivo confirms the role of this enzyme in the control of sucrose biosynthesis.
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PMID:ROLE AND REGULATION OF SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE IN HIGHER PLANTS. 1501 96

S. cerevisiae responds to the presence of amino acids in the environment through the membrane-bound complex SPS, by altering transcription of several genes. Global transcription analysis shows that 46 genes are induced by L-citrulline. Under the given conditions there appears to be only one pathway for induction with L-citrulline, and this pathway is completely dependent on the SPS component, Ssy1p, and either of the transcription factors, Stp1p and Stp2p. Besides the effects on amino acid permease genes, an ssy1 and an stp1 stp2 mutant exhibit a number of other transcriptional phenotypes, such as increased expression of genes subject to nitrogen catabolite repression and genes involved in stress response. A group of genes involved in the upper part of the glycolysis, including those encoding hexose transporters Hxt4p, Hxt5p, Hxt6p, Hxt7p, hexokinase Hxk1p, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase Tdh1p and glucokinase (Glk1p), shows increased transcription levels in either or both of the mutants. Also, most of the structural genes involved in trehalose and glycogen synthesis and a few genes in the glyoxylate cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway are derepressed in the ssy1 and stp1 stp2 strains.
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PMID:Transcriptional profiling of extracellular amino acid sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the role of Stp1p and Stp2p. 1519 29

In the experiments reported in this paper, we characterised the physiological and biochemical factors involved in the chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes of temperate and tropical adaptation. Plants of Maple Arrow (temperate genotype) and Java 29 (tropical genotype) were exposed to a single night at 8 degrees C. Dark chilling resulted in the inhibition of diurnal CO2 assimilation rate and decreased stomatal conductance in both genotypes. Further analysis, however, revealed a difference in the response of the two genotypes. Stomatal limitation was largely responsible for the inhibition of CO2 assimilation in Maple Arrow, whereas mesophyll limitation dominated the inhibition in Java 29. The results indicate that inhibition of stromal fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (sFBPase; EC 3.1.3.11) activity and impaired electron transport capacity were responsible for the decrease in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration capacity in Java 29. Sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) activity was progressively inhibited during the light period in this genotype and might impose an additional constraint on photosynthesis. Maple Arrow appears to possess, at least with respect to photosynthetic carbon metabolism, physiological and biochemical characteristics that contribute towards its superior dark chilling tolerance.
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PMID:Limitation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism by dark chilling in temperate and tropical soybean genotypes. 1528 27

This study investigated if a controlled water deficit during grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) could accelerate grain filling by facilitating the remobilization of carbon reserves in the stem through regulating the enzymes involved in fructan and sucrose metabolism. Two high lodging-resistant wheat cultivars were grown in pots and treated with either a normal (NN) or high amount of nitrogen (HN) at heading time. Plants were either well-watered (WW) or water-stressed (WS) from 9 days post anthesis until maturity. Leaf water potentials markedly decreased at midday as a result of water stress but completely recovered by early morning. Photosynthetic rate and zeatin + zeatin riboside concentrations in the flag leaves declined faster in WS plants than in WW plants, and they decreased more slowly with HN than with NN when soil water potential was the same, indicating that the water deficit enhanced, whereas HN delayed, senescence. Water stress, both at NN and HN, facilitated the reduction in concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and fructans in the stems but increased the sucrose level there, promoted the re-allocation of pre-fixed (14)C from the stems to grains, shortened the grain-filling period, and accelerated the grain-filling rate. Grain weight and grain yield were increased under the controlled water deficit when HN was applied. Fructan exohydrolase (FEH; EC 3.2.1.80) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) activities were substantially enhanced by water stress and positively correlated with the total NSC and fructan remobilization from the stems. Acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was also enhanced by the water stress and associated with the change in fructan concentration, but not correlated with the total NSC remobilization and (14)C increase in the grains. Sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99) activity was inhibited by the water stress and negatively correlated with the remobilization of carbon reserves. Sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) activity in the stems decreased sharply during grain filling and showed no significant difference between WW and WS treatments. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the stem was remarkably enhanced by water stress and significantly correlated with SPS and FEH activities. Application of ABA to WW plants yielded similar results to those for WS plants. The results suggest that the increased remobilization of carbon reserves by water stress is attributable to the enhanced FEH and SPS activities in wheat stems, and that ABA plays a vital role in the regulation of the key enzymes involved in fructan and sucrose metabolism.
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PMID:Activities of fructan- and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in wheat stems subjected to water stress during grain filling. 1529 Feb 95

We studied in the seedlings of two rice cultivars (Malviya-36 and Pant-12) the effect of increasing levels of arsenic in situ on the content of sugars and the activity of several enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism: alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), starch phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26), sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.14). During a growth period of 10-20 d As2O3 at 25 and 50 microM in the growth medium caused an increase in reducing, non-reducing and total soluble sugars. An increased conversion of non-reducing to reducing sugars was observed concomitant with As toxicity. The activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase declined, whereas starch phosphorylase, acid invertase and sucrose synthase were found to be elevated. Results indicate that in rice seedlings arsenic toxicity causes perturbations in carbohydrate metabolism leading to the accumulation of soluble sugars by altering enzyme activity. Sucrose synthase possibly plays a positive role in synthesis of sucrose under As-toxicity.
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PMID:Carbohydrate metabolism in growing rice seedlings under arsenic toxicity. 1531 76

Sorbitol is a primary end-product of photosynthesis in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and many other tree fruit species of the Rosaceae family. Sorbitol synthesis shares a common hexose phosphate pool with sucrose synthesis in the cytosol. In this study, 'Greensleeves' apple was transformed with a cDNA encoding aldose 6-phosphate reductase (A6PR, EC 1.1.1.200) in the antisense orientation. Antisense expression of A6PR decreased A6PR activity in mature leaves to approximately 15-30% of the untransformed control. The antisense plants had lower concentrations of sorbitol but higher concentrations of sucrose and starch in mature leaves at both dusk and predawn. (14)CO(2) pulse-chase labeling at ambient CO(2) demonstrated that partitioning of the newly fixed carbon to starch was significantly increased, whereas that to sucrose remained unchanged in the antisense lines with decreased sorbitol synthesis. Total activities of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39), sucrose-phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.14), and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) were not significantly altered in the antisense lines, whereas both stromal and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) activities were higher in the antisense lines with 15% of the control A6PR activity. Concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) were higher in the antisense plants than in the control, but the 3-phosphoglycerate concentration was lower in the antisense plants with 15% of the control A6PR activity. Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate concentration increased in the antisense plants, but not to the extent expected from the increase in F6P, comparing sucrose-synthesizing species. There was no significant difference in CO(2) assimilation in response to photon flux density or intercellular CO(2) concentration. We concluded that cytosolic FBPase activity in vivo was down-regulated and starch synthesis was up-regulated in response to decreased sorbitol synthesis. As a result, CO(2) assimilation in source leaves was sustained at both ambient CO(2) and saturating CO(2).
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PMID:Antisense inhibition of sorbitol synthesis leads to up-regulation of starch synthesis without altering CO2 assimilation in apple leaves. 1544 63

Photosynthates transported into fruits are mainly in the form of sucrose in most fruit tree species; but sorbitol takes the place of sucrose in woody Rosaceae plants. The transport of sugars across the plasma membrane from apoplastic space into cells is mediated by sugar transporters. The fact that gene expression of sugar transporters is upregulated just before and during sugar accumulation suggests the participation of sugar transporters in sugar accumulation of fruit. The sucrose-metabolizing enzymes participate in four futile cycles that involve sugar transport between cytosol, vacuole, amyloplast and apoplast. The increase in SS (sucrose synthase) and SPS (sucrose phosphate synthase) activities and mRNA levels during maturation parallels the increase in sugar accumulation indicates that the sucrose-metabolizing enzymes have important roles on sugar accumulation in fruits. The prerequisite for rapid accumulation of sugar in fruit is restriction of hexose catabolism and promotion of its synthesis. In woody Rosaceae plants, the fact that sucrose metabolism is also quite active in fruit suggests that sorbitol and sucrose probably play similar roles in fruit development. Sugars as signal molecules regulate the expression of genes involved in sugar transport and metabolism. Sugar transport, metabolism and accumulation are also regulated by natural environmental factors and cultural practices. The increase in sugar content of tomato fruit in acid invertase gene antisense-inhibited plants provides promising prospect of genetic engineering as a potential effective technique in regulation of sugar accumulation in fruits. Thus, the sugar content of fruit is determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The future research works will be focused on elucidating the mechanism of sugar signal and other intrinsic signals as well as extrinsic signals including nutrients, plant hormones and physical factors on sugar transport, metabolism and accumulation and the interrelationship among them.
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PMID:[Sugar transport, metabolism, accumulation and their regulation in fruits]. 1558 2


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