Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.4.1.14 (SPS)
 813 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The seed coat is a maternal organ which surrounds the embryo and is involved in the control of its nutrition. This study with pea (Pisum sativum L.) was conducted to understand more fully the sucrose/starch interconversions occurring in the seed coat. The concentrations of soluble sugars, the starch content, and the activities of the sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, sucrose synthase (Sus; EC 2.4.1.13), alkaline and soluble acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) were compared at four developmental stages during seed filling. Among the four enzymes, only Sus activity was very high and strongly correlated with the starch concentration in the seed coat. Sucrose synthase catalyses the cleavage of sucrose in the presence of UDP into UDP-glucose and fructose. Sucrose synthase was purified from pea seed coats in a three-step protocol, consisting of diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The enzyme was characterized at the biochemical and molecular levels. Sucrose synthase exhibits biochemical properties which allow it to function in the direction of both sucrose cleavage and synthesis. The mass-action ratio of its four substrate was close to the theoretical equilibrium constant at the four developmental stages we studied. A labelling experiment on seed coats has shown that Sus activity is reversible in vivo and can produce 37% of neo-synthesized sucrose in the seed coat cells (minimum value). It is concluded that Sus could play a central role in the control of sucrose concentration in the seed coat cells in response to the demand for sucrose in the embryo during the development of the seed.
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PMID:Purification, characterization and physiological role of sucrose synthase in the pea seed coat (Pisum sativum L.). 908 15

The present study examined two forms of culturally-defined social anxiety: social anxiety or phobia, as defined by DSM-IV; (i.e., a concern of public scrutiny or embarrassment) and Taijin Kyofusho (TKS), a Japanese form of social anxiety centered around concern for offending others with inappropriate behavior or offensive appearance. These versions of social anxiety are also examined in relation to culturally-determined self definition as independent and interdependent. One hundred eighty-one U.S. students and 161 students enrolled in Japanese universities were administered scales to assess social anxiety and phobia and TKS symptoms and behaviors, as well as construal of self as independent or interdependent. Factor analyses of the three scales used to assess social anxiety yielded three factors, each clearly corresponding to the respective scales and defining TKS and DSM-defined social anxiety. A case analysis indicated that there was an approximate 50% co-occurrence between high scorers on the TKS and social phobia scales. Multiple regression analyses resulted in a different set of predictors of TKS and SPS for the U.S. and Japanese respondents. Results were interpreted as suggesting that cultural variables can mediate the expression of social anxiety but that both forms of social anxiety can be found in each sample.
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PMID:Cultural factors in social anxiety: a comparison of social phobia symptoms and Taijin kyofusho. 916 40

The activity and intercellular distribution of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) were determined in fully expanded leaves from a range of C4 plants. In Zea mays L. and Atriplex spongiosa F. Muell., SPS was located almost exclusively in the mesophyll cells. In other species, SPS was found in both cell types, with the activity in the bundle sheath cells ranging from 5% of the total leaf activity in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. to 35% in Sorghum bicolor Moench. At the end of the light period, starch was found only in the bundle sheath cells in all of the species examined. There appears to be little correlation between C4-acid decarboxylation type and the location of sucrose and starch synthesis in the leaves of C4 plants.
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PMID:Localisation of sucrose-phosphate synthase and starch in leaves of C4 plants. 917 54

Microbiological safety is achieved by applying good hygienic practices throughout the food chain, "from farm to fork". Governmental food control is traditionally based on inspection of the facilities where foods are handled, and on testing food samples. Testing is usually applied to imported foods, when no information concerning the safety of a consignment is available. The microbiological safety is judged by means of microbiological criteria. Such criteria should, in the context of the WTO/SPS measures, be scientifically justified, and established according to the principles described by the Codex Alimentarius. However, microbiological testing is not a very reliable tool for consumer protection; the emphasis is currently shifting to the application of food safety management tools such as the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system (HACCP).
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PMID:Establishment of microbiological safety criteria for foods in international trade. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods. 928 94

In this study, we purified and characterized tetra- and triglycosyl glycolipids (GL-1 and GL-2, respectively) from two different colonial forms of Thermus scotoductus X-1, from T. filiformis Tok4 A2, and from T. oshimai SPS-11. Acid hydrolysis of the purified glycolipids liberated, in addition to the expected long-chain fatty acids, two components which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as 16-methylheptadecane-1,2-diol and 15-methylheptadecane-1,2-diol. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the intact glycolipids indicated that a major proportion consisted of components with glycan head groups linked to long-chain 1,2-diols rather than to glycerol, although in all cases glycerol-linked compounds containing similar glycan head groups were also present. As in other Thermus strains, the polar head group of GL-1 from T. filiformis Tok4 A2 and from T. scotoductus X-1 colony type t2 was a glucosylgalactosyl-(N-acyl)glucosaminylglucosyl moiety. However, GL-2 from T. scotoductus X-1 colony type t1 and from T. oshimai SPS-11 was a truncated analog which lacked the nonreducing terminal glucose. Long-chain 1,2-diols have been previously reported in the polar lipids of Thermomicrobium roseum and (possibly) Chloroflexus aurantiacus, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of their detection in other bacteria and the first account of the structural determination of long-chain diol-linked glycolipids.
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PMID:Characterization of novel long-chain 1,2-diols in Thermus species and demonstration that Thermus strains contain both glycerol-linked and diol-linked glycolipids. 932 66

Light dependent modulation of sucrose-phosphate synthase activity (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) was studied in a tree species, namely Prosopis juliflora. In this paper we demonstrate that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, when fed to detached leaves of P. juliflora through transpiration stream in the dark or in light completely prevents in vivo light activation of Vlim and Vmax activities of SPS. In case of spinach, however, cycloheximide feeding affects only Vlim activity while Vmax activity remained unchanged. In contrast, chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in chloroplast has no effect on the light activation of SPS in Prosopis. The treatment with cycloheximide showed slight reduction in the rate of O2 evolution indicating that cycloheximide had very little effect on overall photosynthesis. These results indicate that short term protein turnover of the SPS protein and some other essential component(s) (e.g., a putative protein that modifies SPS activity) is one of the primary steps in a complex and unique regulatory cascade effecting the reversible light activation of SPS.
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PMID:Sucrose-phosphate synthase in tree species: light/dark regulation involves a component of protein turnover in Prosopis juliflora (SW DC). 935 Mar 50

We cloned and characterized a novel human member of the STE20 serine/threonine protein kinase family named mst-3. Based on its domain structure, mst-3 belongs to the SPS1 subgroup of STE20-like proteins, which includes germinal center (GC) kinase, hematopoietic progenitor kinase (HPK), kinase homologous to STE20/SPS-1 (KHS), kinases responsive to stress (KRS1/2), the mammalian STE20-like kinases (mst1/2), and the recently published STE20/oxidant stress response kinase SOK-1. mst-3 is most closely related to SOK-1, with 88% amino acid similarity in the kinase domain. The similarity of the mst-3 kinase domain to STE20 is 42%. The mst-3 transcript is ubiquitously expressed, and the protein was found in all human, mouse, and monkey cell lines tested. An in vitro kinase assay showed that mst-3 can phosphorylate basic exogenous substrates as well as itself. Interestingly, mst-3 prefers Mn2+ to Mg2+ as a divalent cation and can use both GTP and ATP as phosphate donors. Like SOK-1, mst-3 is activated by autophosphorylation. However, a physiological stimulus of mst-3 activity was not identified. mst-3 activity does not change upon exposure to several mitogenic and stress stimuli. Overexpression of mst-3 wild-type or kinase dead protein affects neither the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2 or ERK6), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, nor pp70S6 kinase, suggesting that mst-3 is part of a novel signaling pathway.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of a human STE20-like protein kinase with unusual cofactor requirements. 935 38

International trade is subject to the Final Act of the Uruguay Round Multilateral Trade Negotiations' Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) and Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (the TBT Agreement). These Agreements, the purpose of which is the freeing up of trade and the removal of restraints to the greatest extent possible, affect all countries that are members of the World Trade Organization, and have an impact upon all countries that are exporters. Trade in food is subject to these rules, which include provision for countries to apply safety and quality measures to protect the consumer. Such consumer protection measures extend to all aspects of food, including its packaging. The SPS and TBT Agreements press for 'harmonization' based upon the adoption of standards developed by international standards setting bodies and require countries to participate in their work. The relevant body with respect to food safety and quality measures is the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which is implemented by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. The work of the Codex Alimentarius Commission in harmonization within the context of food packaging and the rules applying to world trade is discussed.
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PMID:Food packaging, international standards related to food safety and quality, and trade. 937 15

Megaplasmid DNA was detected in ten isolates belonging to the recently described thermophilic eubacterial species Thermus oshimai and isolated from hot springs in Portugal (eight isolates) and Iceland (two isolates). The estimated size of the large plasmids purified from T. oshimai SPS-18 from S. Pedro do Sul, Portugal, and from isolate JK-91 from Hveragerdhi-Hengill, Iceland, was 214 and 275 kb, respectively. No sequence homologous to isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid is present in chromosomal DNA as indicated by Southern hybridization analysis. Overall examination of the HindIII fragment profiles of megaplasmid DNAs purified from isolates from the same geographical area gave similar but not always identical restriction profiles on agarose gels. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was higher for megaplasmids present in isolates purified from the Portuguese and Icelandic isolates than for megaplasmids from the same hot spring. Megaplasmid RFLP correlated with previous results obtained on the polymorphism of macrorestriction patterns of whole genomic DNA and with the RFLP of co-resident small plasmid DNA that was found in one half of the isolates examined. The 16-kb HindIII-HindIII fragment from isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid showed DNA-DNA homology with restriction fragments of similar size generated by the large plasmids present in all the other isolates, even in those from hot springs of widely separated geographical areas. This suggests a high degree of sequence conservation in T. oshimai megaplasmids.
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PMID:Megaplasmids in Thermus oshimai isolates from two widely separated geographical areas: restriction fragment profiling and DNA homology. 938 38

In order to determine if an event-related brain potential (ERP) effect described for syntactic violations (P600/SPS) varies with the amount of reprocessing entailed by a violation, number incongruencies were presented either within simple declarative or within subordinate clauses. ERPs were recorded while 12 German subjects read the stimulus materials presented word by word on a video monitor. The ERPs showed a P600/SPS effect for all sentence types, which was smallest in amplitude and earliest in latency for simple declarative sentences. This effect therefore qualifies as a metric for the amount and timing of syntactic reprocessing entailed by a syntactic error. In addition, a late frontal negativity (1000-1400 ms range) was found for the simple declarative sentences.
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PMID:Human brain potentials to reading syntactic errors in sentences of different complexity. 940 80


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