Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.3.1 (citrate synthase)
 4,488 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A multienzyme complex of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, catalysing the consecutive reactions from fumarate to 2-oxoglutarate, has been identified in extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa prepared by gentle osmotic lysis of the cells. The individual enzyme activities of fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase can be used to reconstitute the complex. The citrate synthase isoenzymes, CSI and CSII, from this organism can be used either together or as the individual activities to reconstitute the complex. No complex can be reformed in the absence of CSI or CSII. Which CS isoenzyme predominates in the complex depends on the phase of growth at which the cells were harvested and the extract prepared. More CSI was found in the complex during exponential growth, whereas CSII predominated during the stationary phase. The results support the idea of a 'metabolon' in this organism, with the composition of the CS component varying during the growth cycle.
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PMID:Identification of a multienzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes containing citrate synthase isoenzymes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 861 Nov 53

The activities of 18 enzymes involved in the intermediary and energy metabolism were measured in certain widely-spread peracarid crustaceans: 3 hypogean (Niphargus virei, Niphargus rhenorhodanensis and Stenasellus virei) and 2 epigean (Gammarus fossarum and Asellus aquaticus) ones. The activities of numerous enzymes were correlated with the known metabolic rates of the 5 species. Such rates are reduced in hypogean organisms: levels of enzymatic activity in subterranean species were 1.2 to 8.6 times lower than in epigean species for the main key regulatory enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle and glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase and citrate synthetase). The relative activities of phosphofructokinase, glycogen phosphorylase and hexokinase clearly indicated that glycogen was the main fuel oxidized in both epigean and hypogean organisms. A higher glycogen phosphorylase/hexokinase ratio in hypogean than in epigean crustaceans showed that subterranean species had a greater ability to function anaerobically. The presence of high activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase in all species (and of malate dehydrogenase and fumarase in hypogean species) was indicative of a coupled fermentation of glycogen and glutamate during anaerobiosis, with lactate and alanine as end-products (as well as succinate in hypogean species). A low fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase/phosphofructokinase ratio, associated with a low level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity, indicated that the glycolytic pathway was active and that gluconeogenic ability was limited in epigean crustaceans. In contrast, in hypogean species, association of a higher ratio and a high level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity suggested a low glycolytic activity and a high gluconeogenic ability.
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PMID:The activities of enzymes associated with the intermediary and energy metabolism in hypogean and epigean crustaceans. 909 Nov 76

The composition and properties of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the microaerophilic human pathogen Helicobacter pylori were investigated in situ and in cell extracts using [1H]- and [13C]-NMR spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. NMR spectroscopy assays enabled highly specific measurements of some enzyme activities, previously not possible using spectrophotometry, in in situ studies with H. pylori, thus providing the first accurate picture of the complete tricarboxylic acid cycle of the bacterium. The presence, cellular location and kinetic parameters of citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase, fumarate reductase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and malate synthase activities in H. pylori are described. The absence of other enzyme activities of the cycle, including alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, and succinate dehydrogenase also are shown. The H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle appears to be a noncyclic, branched pathway, characteristic of anaerobic metabolism, directed towards the production of succinate in the reductive dicarboxylic acid branch and alpha-ketoglutarate in the oxidative tricarboxylic acid branch. Both branches were metabolically linked by the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase activity. Under the growth conditions employed, H. pylori did not possess an operational glyoxylate bypass, owing to the absence of isocitrate lyase activity; nor a gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, owing to the absence of both gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activities. The catalytic and regulatory properties of the H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes are discussed by comparing their amino acid sequences with those of other, more extensively studied enzymes.
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PMID:The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. 1009 6

Mitochondrial NAD-dependent (IDH) and cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases have been considered as candidates for the production of 2-oxoglutarate required by the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle. The increase in IDH transcripts in leaf and root tissues, induced by nitrate or NH4+ resupply to short-term N-starved tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants, suggested that this enzyme could play such a role. The leaf and root steady-state mRNA levels of citrate synthase, acotinase, IDH, and glutamine synthetase were found to respond similarly to nitrate, whereas those for cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase and fumarase responded differently. This apparent coordination occurred only at the mRNA level, since activity and protein levels of certain corresponding enzymes were not altered. Roots and leaves were not affected to the same extent either by N starvation or nitrate addition, the roots showing smaller changes in N metabolite levels. After nitrate resupply, these organs showed different response kinetics with respect to mRNA and N metabolite levels, suggesting that under such conditions nitrate assimilation was preferentially carried out in the roots. The differential effects appeared to reflect the C/N status after N starvation, the response kinetics being associated with the nitrate assimilatory capacity of each organ, signaled either by nitrate status or by metabolite(s) associated with its metabolism.
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PMID:Simultaneous expression of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase and other krebs cycle genes after nitrate resupply to short-term nitrogen-starved tobacco 1039 6

The effects of iron deficiency and iron resupply on the metabolism of leaf organic acids have been investigated in hydroponically grown sugar beet. Organic acid concentrations and activities in leaf extracts of several enzymes related to organic acid metabolism were measured. Enzymes assayed included phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31), different Krebs cycle enzymes: malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37), aconitase (EC 4.2.1.3), fumarase (EC 4.2.1.2), citrate synthase (CS; EC 4.1.3.7) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH; EC 1.1.1.42), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and two enzymes related to anaerobic metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]; EC 1.1.1.27, and pyruvate decarboxylase [PDC]; EC 4.1.1.1). Iron concentration in leaves was severely decreased by iron deficiency. Iron resupply caused an increase in iron concentrations, reaching levels similar to the controls in 96 h. Iron deficiency induced a 2.3-fold (from 16 to 37 mmol m-2) increase in leaf total organic acid concentration. Organic anion concentrations were still 4-fold higher than the controls 24 h after resupply and decreased to values similar to those found in the controls after 96 h. All measured enzymes had increased activities in extracts of iron-deficient leaves when compared to the controls and generally decreased to control values 24 h after iron addition. These data provide evidence that organic acid accumulation in iron-deficient leaves is likely not due to an enhancement in leaf carbon fixation. Instead, this accumulation could be associated with organic acid export from the roots to the leaves via xylem.
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PMID:Changes induced by Fe deficiency and Fe resupply in the organic acid metabolism of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) leaves. 1131 12

In crude cell extracts of the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus bovinus, activities of citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase have been proved and analyzed. Citrate synthase exhibited high affinities for both its substrates: oxaloacetate (Km = 0.018 mM) and acetyl-CoA (Km = 0.014 mM). Aconitase showed better affinity for isocitrate (Km = 0.62 mM) than for citrate (Km = 3.20 mM). Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase revealed only small maximum activity (60 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1)), the enzyme being exclusively NADP+-dependent. Using the artificial electron acceptor dichlorophenol indophenol, activity and substrate affinity of succinate dehydrogenase were rather poor. Fumarase proved Fe2+-independent. Its affinity for malate was found higher (Km = 1.19 mM) than that for fumarate (Km = 2.09 mM). High total activity of malate dehydrogenase could be separated by native PAGE into a slowly running species of (mainly) cytosolic (about 80%) and a faster running species of (mainly) mitochondrial origin. Affinities for oxaloacetate of the two enzyme species were found identical within limits of significance (Km = 0.24 mM and 0.22 mM). The assumed cytosolic enzyme exhibited affinity for malate (Km = 5.77 mM) more than one order of magnitude lower than that for oxaloacetate. FPLC on superose 12 revealed only one activity band at a molecular mass of 100 +/- 15 kDa. Activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and of succinyl-CoA synthetase could not be found. Technical problems in their detection, but also existence of an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle are considered. Metabolite affinities, maximum activities and pH-dependences of fumarase and of malate dehydrogenase allow the assumption of a reductive instead of oxidative function of these enzymes in vivo.
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PMID:Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete, Suillus bovinus. 1142 46

A comparative study of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and glyoxylate cycles in the mutant Yarrowia lipolytica strain N1 capable of producing alpha-ketoglutaric acid (KGA) and citric acid showed that almost all enzymes of the TCA cycle are more active under conditions promoting the production of KGA. The only exception was citrate synthase, whose activity was higher in yeast cells producing citric acid. The production of both acids was accompanied by suppression of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes. The activities of malate dehydrogenase, aconitase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and fumarase were higher in cells producing KGA than in cells producing citric acid.
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PMID:[Metabolism of Yarrowia lipolytica grown on ethanol under conditions promoting the production of alpha-ketoglutaric and citric acids: a comparative study of the central metabolism enzymes]. 1213 51

Protoplasts from barley (Hordeum vulgare), pea (Pisum sativum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves were fractionated into chloroplast- and mitochondrion-enriched fractions. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex capacities in mitochondria (mtPDC) and chloroplasts (cpPDC) were measured in appropriate fractions under conditions optimal for each isozyme. The total cellular capacity of PDC was similar in barley and pea but about 50% lower in wheat and spinach. In pea a distribution of 87% mtPDC and 13% cpPDC was found on a cellular basis. In barley, wheat, and spinach the subcellular distribution was the opposite, with about 15% mtPDC and 85% cpPDC. cpPDC activity was constant at about 0.1 nmol cell-1 h-1 in cells from different regions along the developing barley leaf and showed no correlation with developmental patterns of photosynthetic parameters, such as increasing Chl and NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Similarly, the capacity of the mitochondrial isoform did not change during barley leaf development and had a developmental pattern similar to that of citrate synthase and fumarase. Differences in subcellular distribution of PDCs in barley and pea are proposed to be due to differences in regulation, not to changes in isozyme proportions during leaf development or to species-specific differences in phosphorylation state of mtPDC after organelle separation.
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PMID:Distribution of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Activities between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria from Leaves of Different Species. 1223 37

To understand the many roles of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in cell function, we used DNA microarrays to examine gene expression in response to TCA cycle dysfunction. mRNA was analyzed from yeast strains harboring defects in each of 15 genes that encode subunits of the eight TCA cycle enzymes. The expression of >400 genes changed at least threefold in response to TCA cycle dysfunction. Many genes displayed a common response to TCA cycle dysfunction indicative of a shift away from oxidative metabolism. Another set of genes displayed a pairwise, alternating pattern of expression in response to contiguous TCA cycle enzyme defects: expression was elevated in aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutants, diminished in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA ligase mutants, elevated again in succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase mutants, and diminished again in malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase mutants. This pattern correlated with previously defined TCA cycle growth-enhancing mutations and suggested a novel metabolic signaling pathway monitoring TCA cycle function. Expression of hypoxic/anaerobic genes was elevated in alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase mutants, whereas expression of oxidative genes was diminished, consistent with a heme signaling defect caused by inadequate levels of the heme precursor, succinyl-CoA. These studies have revealed extensive responses to changes in TCA cycle function and have uncovered new and unexpected metabolic networks that are wired into the TCA cycle.
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PMID:Global transcription analysis of Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle mutants reveals an alternating pattern of gene expression and effects on hypoxic and oxidative genes. 1263 16

In this study, the phosphoproteome of Corynebacterium glutamicum, an industrially important soil bacterium of the Corynebacterium/Mycobacterium/Nocardia (CMN) group of Gram-positive bacteria, was investigated by two different detection methods: first, by in vivo radio-labeling using [(33)P]-phosphoric acid with subsequent autoradiography and second, by immunostaining with phosphoamino acid-specific monoclonal antibodies. After two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), around 60 [(33)P]-labeled protein spots were visualized and around 90 antibody-decorated protein spots detected; 31 of the protein spots were detected with both methods. By peptide mass fingerprinting, 41 different proteins were identified, namely 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase, aconitase, acyl-CoA carboxylase, acyl-CoA synthetase, ATP (synthase alpha- and beta-chain), carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, citrate synthase, cysteine synthase, DnaK, the elongation factors G, P, Ts and Tu, enolase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase, fumarase, Gap dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase I, glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, GroEL2, GTPase, heat-inducible transcriptional repressor DnaJ2, inorganic pyrophosphatase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ketol-acid reductoisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine-tRNA ligase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, methionine synthase, O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase, pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate oxidase, ribosomal protein S1, RNA polymerase (beta-subunit), succinyl-CoA:CoA transferase, transketolase and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine ligase, besides a hypothetical 35k protein and a hypothetical glucose kinase. Both detection techniques were used to create a phosphoproteome map. Additionally, the influence of nitrogen deprivation on the phosphoproteome of C. glutamicum was investigated.
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PMID:Towards a phosphoproteome map of Corynebacterium glutamicum. 1292 88


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