Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.3.1 (citrate synthase)
 4,488 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The flightless bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) is polymorphic for both wing length and flight muscle development. The developed flight muscles of macropterous adults of both sexes first enlarge their volume during the first 5 days after adult emergence, but are then histolyzed in all males and females older than 10 and 14 days, respectively. The flight muscles of brachypterous adult males and females are underdeveloped due to their arrested growth. The total protein content of histolyzed dorsolongitudinal flight muscles from 21-day-old macropterous adults of both sexes is lower than that of developed dorsolongitudinal flight muscles in 5-10-days-old macropterous bugs, but substantially higher than the protein content of underdeveloped dorsolongitudinal flight muscles from adult brachypters. Histolyzed dorsolongitudinal flight muscles differ from the developed ones by decreased quantities of 18 electrophoretically separated proteins. Histolysis of developed dorsolongitudinal flight muscles is accompanied by significant decreases in citrate synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme activities and an increase in alanine aminotransferase activity, and can be precociously induced by application of a juvenile hormone analogue. This is the first report of flight muscle polymorphism, histolysis of developed flight muscles and its endocrine control in insects displaying non-functional wing polymorphism.
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PMID:Flight muscles polymorphism in a flightless bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.): developmental pattern, biochemical profile and endocrine control. 1638 20

To date, the only reported metabolic and physiological roles for carnitine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are related to the activity of the carnitine shuttle. In yeast, the shuttle transfers peroxisomal activated acetyl-residues to the mitochondria. However, acetyl-CoA can also be metabolised by the glyoxylate cycle to form succinate. The two pathways, therefore, provide a metabolic bypass for each other, and carnitine-dependent phenotypes have only been described in strains with non-functional peroxisomal citrate synthase, Cit2p. Here, we present evidence for a role of carnitine in stress protection that is independent of CIT2 and of the carnitine shuttle. Data show that carnitine improves growth during oxidative stress and in the presence of weak organic acids in wt and in CAT deletion strains. Our data also show that strains with single, double and triple deletions of the three CAT genes generally present identical phenotypes, but that the deletion of CAT2 decreases survival during oxidative stress in a carnitine-independent manner. Overexpression of single CAT genes does not lead to cross-complementation, suggesting a highly specific metabolic role for each enzyme. The data suggest that carnitine protects cells from oxidative and organic acid stress, while CAT2 contributes to the response to oxidative stress.
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PMID:Carnitine and carnitine acetyltransferases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a role for carnitine in stress protection. 1842 9

It has been claimed that citrate synthase, aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities are non-functional in Bordetella pertussis and that this might explain why this bacterium's growth is sometimes associated with accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and/or free fatty acids. However, the sequenced genome includes the entire citric acid pathway genes. Furthermore, these genes were expressed and the corresponding enzyme activities detected at high levels for the pathway when grown on a defined medium imitating the amino acid content of complex media often used for growth of this pathogenic microorganism. In addition, no significant PHB or fatty acids could be detected. Analysis of the carbon balance and stoichiometric flux analysis based on specific rates of amino acid consumption, and estimated biomass requirements coherent with the observed growth rate, clearly indicate that a fully functional tricarboxylic acid cycle operates in contrast to previous reports.
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PMID:A Functional Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Operates during Growth of Bordetella pertussis on Amino Acid Mixtures as Sole Carbon Substrates. 2668 37