Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.3.1 (citrate synthase)
 4,488 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Enzyme activities (units/g wet wt.) were determined in the caput and cauda epididymidis and in epididymal spermatozoa of the rat. 2. The activity of most enzymes in the cauda was between 50 and 100% of that in the caput, except that ATP citrate lyase was barely detectable in the cauda. 3. Spermatozoa, unlike epididymal tissue, contained sorbitol dehydrogenase but lacked ATP citrate lyase. NADP+-malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, carnitine acetyltransferase and citrate synthase were 5 to 400 times as active in spermatozoa as in epididymal tissue. 4. 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was the least active member of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in all tissues and most closely matched the measured flux through the cycle. 5. The concentrations of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase were equivalent to the more active enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, indicating the capacity for extensive lipid oxidation, and the presence of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase suggests that these tissues can also oxidize ketone bodies. 6. Transfer of reducing equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondrion is unlikely to occur by means of the glycerol phosphate cycle because mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is relatively inactive in epididymal tissue, whereas the cytoplasmic enzyme has little activity in spermatozoa, but transfer may be accomplished by the malate-aspartate shuttle. 7. Transfer of acetyl units from mitochondrion to cytoplasm could be effected by the pyruvate-malate cycle in the caput of androgen-maintained rats, but not in the other tissues because of the low activity of ATP citrate lyase. Acetyl unit transfer could take place via acetylcarnitine, mediated by carnitine acetyltransferase. 8. Castration resulted in a decrease in the concentration of nearly all enzymes, although subsequent administration of testosterone restored concentrations to values similar to those in animals maintained by endogenous androgen. The extent to which enzyme concentration was changed by an alteration in androgen status was highly variable, but was most marked in the case of pyruvate carboxylase.
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PMID:Activity and androgenic control of enzymes associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid oxidation and mitochondrial shuttles in the epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa of the rat. 72 83

2-Oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent O2 uptake by washed or purified turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Massey Gem) leaf mitochondria, in the presence of malonate, was inhibited between 65 and 90% by micromolar levels of pyruvate. The inhibition was not observed in the absence of malonate and was reversed by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The inhibition was also reversed by oxaloacetate or by malate, but not by any other tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. The stimulation of O2 uptake by oxaloacetate was half maximal at 8-9 microM and was transient, indicating its action was not mediated through the complete metabolic removal of pyruvate. Pyruvate had not effect on 2-OG oxidation under conditions in which pyruvate dehydrogenase was not active, indicating that pyruvate metabolism, rather than pyruvate itself, was responsible for producing the inhibition of 2-OG oxidation. Similar results were obtained with detergent-treated mitochondrial extracts with the exception that the inhibition of 2-OG oxidation by pyruvate could also be reversed by coenzyme A. The results suggest that pyruvate inhibits 2-oxoglutarate oxidation, in intact plant mitochondria, by sequestering intramitochondrial CoA as acetyl-CoA and, in the absence of citrate synthase activity, reduces the amount of free coenzyme A available for 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. These results indicate that pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase share a common CoA pool within plant mitochondria and that the turnover of the acyl-CoA product of one enzyme will dramatically influence the activity of the other.
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PMID:2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities in plant mitochondria: interaction via a common coenzyme a pool. 363 65