Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.3.3.1 (citrate synthase)
4,488 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Isolated mouse liver mitochondria incubated with streptozotocin showed decreased rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake, and, dependent on the concentration of streptozotocin and the addition of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, fluorocitrate or guanosine 5'-triphosphate, the retention of Ca2+ was either increased or decreased. Similar observations were made in liver mitochondria incubated with succinyl-CoA. In mitochondria isolated from the kidneys and islets of mice injected with streptozotocin, with and without additional injections of glucose and/or glucagon, the rate and extent of Ca2+ uptake were reduced and the release of accumulated Ca2+ was stimulated. Electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis showed dislocation of Ca2+-containing precipitates from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and stereology disclosed increased mitochondrial volume in the B cells of streptozotocin-treated mice. State 3 and state 4 respiration with NAD-linked substrates was inhibited, but succinate oxidation was unaffected, in mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of mice treated with streptozotocin. In the kidneys of streptozotocin-injected mice, the concentration of succinyl-CoA was increased, that of citrate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate was decreased, that of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate was unaffected, and the metabolite concentration ratios suggested increased mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio and decreased cytoplasmic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. It is suggested as a new hypothesis that the cytotoxicity and the diabetogenicity of streptozotocin are dependent on inhibited citric acid cycle enzyme activity (primarily that of succinyl-CoA synthetase and citrate synthetase) with altered metabolite concentrations, leading to impairment of the mitochondrial uptake of Ca2+ and the activation of the pyruvate, isocitrate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases.
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PMID:Mitochondrial changes and associated alterations induced in mice by streptozotocin administered in vivo and in vitro. 288 8

The primary structure of the succinyl-CoA synthetase of Escherichia coli has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a 2451-base-pair segment of DNA containing the corresponding sucC (beta subunit) and sucD (alpha subunit) genes. The genes are located at one end of a gene cluster that encodes several citric acid cycle enzymes: gltA-sdhCDAB-sucABCD; gltA, citrate synthase; sdh, succinate dehydrogenase; sucA and sucB, the dehydrogenase (E1) and succinyltransferase (E2) components of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The sucC and sucD genes are separated from the sucA and sucB genes by a 273-base-pair segment containing four palindromic units, but they appear to be expressed from a sucABCD read-through transcript that extends from the suc promoter to a potential rho-independent terminator at the distal end of sucD. The stop codon of the sucC gene overlaps the sucD initiation codon by a single nucleotide, indicating close translational coupling of the sucC and sucD genes. The sucC gene comprises 1161 base pairs (388 codons, excluding the stop codon), and it encodes a polypeptide of Mr 41 390 corresponding to the beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. The sucD gene comprises 864 base pairs (288 codons, excluding the start and stop codons), and it encodes a product of Mr 29 644, corresponding to the alpha subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. The alpha subunit contains a 12-residue amino acid sequence that is identical with the histidine peptide previously isolated from the phosphoenzyme. This sequence forms part of one of the two potential nucleotide binding sites detected in the alpha subunit.
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PMID:Primary structure of the succinyl-CoA synthetase of Escherichia coli. 300 35

The possibility that some of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle may be loosely associated into a multienzyme cluster has been investigated using extracts prepared by gentle disruption of cells. Gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation have shown that five sequential enzymes of the cycle specifically associate into a cluster: fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Ultrasonication destroys the abilities of the enzymes to associate. The cluster could catalyse the sequence of reactions leading from fumarate to oxoglutarate and has been found in extracts of several bacterial species as well as rat liver mitochondria.
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PMID:Organization of citric acid cycle enzymes into a multienzyme cluster. 308 26

Interaction between the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase was detected with a variety of techniques including polyethylene glycol precipitation, ultracentrifugation, and centrifugal gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column. The interaction was specific in that citrate synthase, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase did not interact with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The interaction was not inhibited by either 0.1 M KCl or 0.4 M (NH4)2SO4, but was completely prevented by 5% glycerol. A new method for the preparation of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase resulted in an enzyme having a protein subunit composition similar to that of classical complex I preparation. Evidence is given for the existence of ternary complexes containing NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase-alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase-alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-succinate thiokinase. These data suggest that a part of the citric acid cycle may be located in the vicinity of NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase. These complexes may facilitate the transport of metabolites among these enzymes without their equilibrating with the whole compartment.
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PMID:Interaction between NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. 311 Jan 60

The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains two citrate synthase isoenzymes, mitochondrial (CS1) and cytosolic (CS2). In this study, we have examined the metabolic consequences of the absence of CS1, CS2, and both isoenzymes in the respective mutant strains CS1-, CS2-, and CS1-CS2-. No significant differences were found in the growth rates of the parental, CS1-, or CS2- strains when grown in the single carbon sources galactose, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, or glutamate. However, in nonfermentable carbon sources, the lag period in growth of CS1- was approximately 4 times that of the parental strain and the CS2- mutant. This difference was found even in glutamate. The CS1- mutant failed to grow on acetate in either complete or minimal liquid medium. Total cellular citrate concentration in the CS1- compared to the parental strain was higher when the cells were grown in lactate or pyruvate. On these same substrates, the malate concentration was 2-fold higher in the CS1-mutant when compared to the parental or CS2- strains. The production of 14CO2 by CS1- from [1-14C]acetate was 36% and that from [2-14C]acetate was 9.2% of the amount from the parental or CS2- strains. The 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glutamate was 28% and 20% in CS1- and CS1-CS2-, respectively, compared to the parental strain. Since these results are not easily explained solely by the absence of mitochondrial citrate synthase enzyme, we also determined the activity of some other enzymes of the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. We found decreased activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and aconitase, while the rest of the citric acid cycle enzymes and oxidative enzymes did not change significantly. The same changes in enzyme activities were found in two different yeast strains carrying the same citrate synthase mutations.
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PMID:Metabolic changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking citrate synthases. 313 54

A general analysis of the regulation of the citric acid cycle is hampered by the intimate interplay believed to exist between the various surrounding pathways. Two main regulatory mechanisms are thought to determine the flux through the cycle: (1) regulation of individual cycle enzymes, and (2) reversible complex formation between various enzymes of the cycle and related pathways. The latter mechanism allows a cell to maintain a high flux of substrates with a moderate number of intermediates, and offers a means of metabolite channeling. We were able to demonstrate specific interactions between several vertebrate cycle enzymes in conditions of reduced water concentration, i.e. by using immobilized enzyme systems. From affinity chromatographic experiments, we have shown that the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the aspartate-malate shuttle are organized as one huge multi-enzyme complex, and a stoichiometric arrangement of fumarase/malate dehydrogenase/citrate synthase/aspartate aminotransferase has been postulated. Affinity electrophoresis was used as a new experimental device by which the enzyme-enzyme interactions could be directly visualized.
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PMID:Enzyme-enzyme interactions as modulators of the metabolic flux through the citric acid cycle. 333 92

The level of citrate synthase was varied in Escherichia coli by recombinant DNA methods to elucidate regulatory interactions between the individual steps of the citric acid cycle. The effects of overproduction and underproduction of citrate synthase were assessed by measuring metabolite levels, rates of carbon flow, the phosphorylation state of isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the growth rate of the culture. This analysis revealed that the levels of citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity are co-ordinated for efficient growth on acetate. When citrate synthase was overproduced the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction became rate limiting and prevented large increases in the flux through the citric acid cycle. Furthermore, changes in the level of citrate synthase were found to modulate the phosphorylation state of isocitrate dehydrogenase which regulates the distribution of carbon flow between the citric acid cycle and the glycoxylate shunt. These adjustments allowed the organism to maintain a relatively constant metabolic state despite changes in the level of a central metabolic enzyme. The interplay between citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase illustrates how living systems can compensate for variations in their internal environment.
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PMID:Compensatory regulation in metabolic pathways--responses to increases and decreases in citrate synthase levels. 333 95

The citric acid cycle performs a dual role in cell metabolism, acting as a source of both 'energy' and biosynthetic starting materials. The widespread occurrence of the cycle throughout Nature is an excellent example of the unity of biochemistry, but closer examination reveals that there is considerable diversity in the citric acid cycle of different organisms with respect to metabolic role, molecular enzymology and mode of regulation. Two enzymes of the cycle--citrate synthase and succinate thiokinase--have been found to exhibit particularly striking patterns of diversity in structure and catalytic and regulatory function. Some of these patterns show a correlation with the taxonomic groupings of the organisms and with their physiological characteristics. Comparative enzyme studies have a contribution to make to an ultimate understanding of the cycle and its cellular operation, and there are substantial benefits to be gained from interactive studies on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.
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PMID:Patterns of diversity of citric acid cycle enzymes. 333 97

Two succinate thiokinase activities specific for either adenine or guanine nucleotides have been found in Trypanosoma brucei. Key glycolytic and citric acid cycle enzymes were measured to show repression of glycolysis and derepression of the citric acid cycle in the procyclic form, relative to the bloodstream form. A marked rise in adenine-linked succinate thiokinase activity accompanied a rise in activity of citric acid cycle enzymes. However, guanine-linked succinate thiokinase was found to increase only slightly in activity. These results implicate the adenine-linked enzyme as an essential component of the citric acid cycle, whereas the guanine-linked enzyme appears to be under separate control. This communication also reports for the first time the occurrence of citrate synthase activity in the bloodstream (long slender) form of T. brucei.
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PMID:Two distinct succinate thiokinases in both bloodstream and procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei. 334 77

To study the early effects of hypertension on the heart, we examined isolated hearts from rabbits with slowly developing hypertension of up to 64 weeks in duration after unilateral nephrectomy and renal artery stenosis. Normotensive animals kept under identical conditions served as controls. Mean arterial blood pressure rose from 83 to 155 mm Hg in the hypertensive group of longest duration, but the ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight was not different between the experimental and control groups. Although left ventricular hypertrophy was not present, left ventricular peak systolic pressure of perfused hearts was significantly higher in hypertensive than in normotensive hearts. Furthermore, while in hypertensive hearts the left ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased, the peak systolic pressure did not respond to an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Functional changes were accompanied by metabolic changes in the left ventricle. Rates of glucose utilization were increased and rates of ketone body utilization were decreased in hypertensive hearts. Activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were increased, while those of ketone body metabolism (3-oxoacid-CoA transferase, acetoacetyl-CoA synthase) were decreased and those of the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) were not different between groups. In summary, moderate hypertension for a period of more than 1 year resulted in functional and metabolic changes of the left ventricle in hypertensive animals that were already manifest at 8 weeks of hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of moderate hypertension on cardiac function and metabolism in the rabbit. 336 75


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