Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.3.3.1 (citrate synthase)
4,488 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biopsies from 15 human gliomas, five meningiomas, four Schwannomas, one medulloblastoma, and four normal brain areas were analyzed for 12 enzymes of energy metabolism and 12 related metabolites and cofactors. Samples, 0.01-0.25 microgram dry weight, were dissected from freeze-dried microtome sections to permit all the assays on a given specimen to be made, as far as possible, on nonnecrotic pure tumor tissue from the same region. Great diversity was found with regard to both enzyme activities and metabolite levels among individual tumors, but the following generalities can be made. Activities of hexokinase, phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase levels were usually lower than in brain; glycogen synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were usually higher; and the averages for pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase were not greatly different from brain. Levels of eight of the 12 enzymes were distinctly lower among the Schwannomas than in the other two groups. Average levels of glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, pyruvate, and uridine diphosphoglucose were more than twice those of brain; 6-phosphogluconate and citrate were about 70% higher than in brain; glucose, glycogen, glycerol-1-phosphate, and malate averages ranged from 104% to 127% of brain; and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate levels were on the average 50% and 70% those of brain, respectively.
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PMID:Diversity of metabolic patterns in human brain tumors: enzymes of energy metabolism and related metabolites and cofactors. 661 61

Since little is known about the training response to exercise in neonatal animals, this study was undertaken to elucidate the potential of oxidative system adaptations in developing skeletal muscle of rats during 50 days of daily treadmill running. The training regimen involved male and female rats (10 days old) initially running 0.1 mph, 0% grade, for 15 min. The program progressed to 1 mph, 25% grade, for 60 min by 50 days of age. At 25 days of age, pyruvate and palmitate oxidative capacity, and citrate synthase activity in red vastus muscle homogenates were elevated in the trained group (T) compared with age- and sex-matched controls (C). These increases were also observed for each subsequent time point tested and occurred in spite of the fact that the peak oxidative capacity of neonatal red vastus muscle was 46% greater than adult values. Further, trained animals tested at 45 days of age responded with a 12% increase in maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max) compared with controls (P less than 0.05). Assays of muscle phosphofructokinase and of creatine phosphokinase activity conducted at this time point revealed no difference between T and C groups. Collectively, these data suggest that neonatal rats can be successfully trained and that they respond to an endurance-type program qualitatively similarly to adult rats.
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PMID:Effects of repetitive exercise on neonatal rat skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. 683 49

The maximal rate of some cerebral enzymatic activities related to energy transduction (hexokinase; phosphofructokinase; lactate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase; malate dehydrogenase; total NADH-cytochrome c reductase; cytochrome oxidase), amino acid metabolism (glutamate decarboxylase; glutamate dehydrogenase) and cholinergic metabolism (acetylcholine esterase) were tested in the cerebral cortex and in sub-cortical area of rats. The evaluations were performed both in the homogenate in toto and in the crude mitochondrial fraction, before and after a postdecapitative normothermic ischemia of 5, 10, 20, and 40 min duration. The results are discussed also with respect to the pharmacological pretreatment with two biological substances which may modulate amino acid (L-alanine) and phospholipid metabolism (CDP-choline). The analysis of the present data suggests the occurrence in brain tissue of a variety of interrelated factors implicated in the ischemia-induced changes of the maximal rate of the enzymatic activities related to the energy transduction. These include: (a) rearrangement of the enzymatic activities because of the changed metabolic and chemico-physical condition; (b) decrease in the activity of enzymes related to the electron transfer chain and glycolysis; (c) changes in enzymes related to mitochondrial membranes. The effects of in vivo administration of alanine or CDP-choline, even if significant, are not consistent throughout the time period studied.
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PMID:Changes induced by ischemia on some cerebral enzymatic activities related to energy transduction and amino acid metabolism. 685 30

The effect of storage at - 80 degrees C for 1-28 days on the activity of 12 enzymes in intact liver tissue, liver extract and isolated hepatic microsomes was investigated. To find optimal conditions for tissue homogenization for this study the effects of three types of homogenization on the activity of 10 enzymes from different cell compartments were compared. The activities of glucokinase and phosphofructokinase decreased markedly during storage of both supernatant and liver tissue. Storage of liver tissue increased the activity of mitochondrial enzymes or isoenzymes. While this effect can be explained by additional disintegration of liver tissue caused by freezing and thawing for enzymes like glutamine dehydrogenase, other mechanisms may be involved in the prolonged increase observed in the activity of citrate synthase and xanthine oxidase during storage. The activity of a number of enzymes from the cytosol, mitochondria and microsomes decreased more markedly in the stored liver samples than in the stored supernatant or in the stored microsomal pellet. Cytochrome P 450 content remained stable throughout the whole storage period in both intact liver tissue and isolated microsomes.
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PMID:The effect of storage at - 80 degrees C on the activities of cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes in rat liver. 706 80

The effect of 11 weekly injections of nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) on some skeletal muscle parameters was investigated in 6 Thoroughbred geldings undergoing training. Three muscles were sampled, the middle gluteal, the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus. Training alone produced increases in the percentage of fast twitch high oxidative fibres (FTH), glycogen content and the activities of citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacl CoA dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. In contrast the training programme did not alter water content, total protein content, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase of beta glucuronidase, fibre area ratios or the number of capillaries per unit fibre area. Nandrolone phenylpropionate given in conjunction with the training programme only resulted in changes in 2 of these parameters. There was no increase in the percentage of FTH fibres in the biceps femoris with anaerobic training and the fibre area ratio increased significantly in this muscle.
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PMID:Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (3) skeletal muscle composition in the exercising animal. 710 87

1. The differentiation of myotomal muscles in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) has been investigated using p-phenylene diamine stained semi-thin sections and cytochemical and quantitative determinations of enzyme activities. 2. Evidence is presented that the range of fibre size in white muscle represents stages in growth rather than distinct fibre types. 3. Electromyography shows that both red and white muscles are recruited for sustained swimming. The threshold swimming speed for recruitment of white fibres is around 1.8 body length/s (L/s). 4. White muscle citrate synthetase and cytochorome oxidase activities are 25-35% that of red muscle. Hexokinase, phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase activities are 2, 4 and 2 times higher in white than red muscles. It is considered that the aerobic capacity of white muscle is sufficient to support sustained swimming, and that blood glucose could be an important fuel source. 5. Endurance exercise training has been investigated in fish swimming, continuously, for 21 days at 3 L/s. This training regime restricts spontaneous high-speed swimming activity and resulted in a general decline of white muscle glycolytic enzyme activities. Red fibres underwent hypertrophy relative to non-exercised controls (530 +/- 64 microns2 non-exercised, 901 +/- 63 microns2 trained). Aerobic enzyme activities in red muscle and the fraction of fibre volume occupied by mitochondria (30.2 +/- 0.8%) did not change in response to the training programme, but glycolytic enzyme activities were elevated. 3-OH Acyl CoA dehydrogenase activities increased in both red and white muscles indicating an enhanced capacity for fatty acid catabolism with training. 6. Plasma and muscle lactate levels were not statistically different between tank-rested and trained fish swimming a 3 L/s. 7. Adaptations of fish muscle to endurance training are discussed and compared with results for other vertebrates.
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PMID:Exercise training in skeletal muscle of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 742 13

In order to improve knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the alterations of energy metabolism recently observed in the skeletal muscle of patients suffering from chronic renal failure, this study was designed to test (1) whether changes in the activity of key enzymes of energy metabolism occur in the muscle of these patients, and if so (2) whether the different muscle fiber types are equally altered in their metabolic machinery. For this, the maximum activities of 14 enzymes were measured in individual muscle fibers microdissected from biopsies of rectus abdominis muscle obtained from seven normal subjects and seven patients with end-stage renal failure before renal replacement therapy. A large decrease in the activities of beta-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of the beta-oxidation pathway, of citrate synthase, which initiates the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which contributes to the synthesis of glycogen from lactate, was observed in the three fiber types (slow-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic, and fast-twitch glycolytic). A smaller reduction of the activities of phosphofructokinase and/or pyruvate kinase, two key enzymes of glycolysis, was also observed in slow-twitch oxidative and/or fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers. These results demonstrate that the abnormalities of muscle energy metabolism observed in patients with chronic renal failure are due, at least in part, to intrinsic changes in the key enzymes of major energy-providing pathways; they also offer a satisfactory explanation for the defect of oxidative metabolism recently demonstrated in the muscle of these patients.
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PMID:Effects of chronic renal failure on enzymes of energy metabolism in individual human muscle fibers. 757 72

The effects of electrically induced dynamic muscle contractions on muscle endurance, strength, morphology and enzymatic adaptation were studied in seven male physical education students. The training program consisted of electrically induced one-leg extensions on a modified Krogh cycle with a 30-Watt (W) load for 60 min, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Muscle fiber type composition was unchanged, but diffusional capacity was increased after electromyostimulation training. The endurance capacity in the trained leg increased by 82% (p < 0.01), but there were no significant changes in citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase activities, and carbonic anhydrase III and myoglobin contents, suggesting that neural adaptation and learning were more important factors for the increased endurance capacity than enzymatic adaptation. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity, a marker of collagen biosynthesis, increased 3-fold (p < 0.01) as a result of the training. This could be due to muscle damage caused by electrically induced muscle contractions. In conclusion, electrically induced dynamic muscle contractions can increase muscle endurance without clear concominant changes in muscle morphologic and enzymatic adaptation. Increased prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity could suggest muscle damage caused by electrically induced muscle contractions.
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PMID:Training effects of electrically induced dynamic contractions in human quadriceps muscle. 766 36

The degree to which the y-intercept (Y-int) of the linear regression of maximal work output on exercise duration represented anaerobic capacity was determined in ten well-trained male cyclists [peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) = 69.8 (SD 4.2) ml.kg-1.min-1]. Each cyclist performed three exhausting cycle sessions on separate occasions; the mean exercise durations were 312, 243 and 141 s for the low (approximately 104% VO2peak), medium (approximately 108% VO2peak) and high (approximately 113% VO2peak) intensities respectively, and Y-int (kilojoules; joules per kilogram) was derived from the regression of work output on exercise duration. The muscle anaerobic adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) yield (sigma ATP) and anaerobic capacity (AC) were estimated from changes in metabolites in the vastus lateralis muscle and blood lactate concentration during the high intensity cycling session. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase and citrate synthase, as well as muscle buffer value (in vitro beta) were also determined. The Y-int (kilojoules) was positively correlated (P < or = 0.05) with AC (r = 0.73), sigma ATP (r = 0.70) and in vitro beta (r = 0.71); similar correlations (P < or = 0.05) were observed for Y-int (joules per kilogram). The Y-int was not correlated (P > 0.05) with any enzyme activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Y-intercept of the maximal work-duration relationship and anaerobic capacity in cyclists. 771 77

The energy metabolism was evaluated in gastrocnemius muscle from 3-month-old rats subjected to either mild or severe 4-week intermittent normobaric hypoxia. Furthermore, 4-week treatment with CNS-acting drugs, namely, alpha-adrenergic (delta-yohimbine), vasodilator (papaverine, pinacidil), or oxygen-increasing (almitrine) agents was performed. The muscular concentration of the following metabolites was evaluated: glycogen, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio; citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate; aspartate, glutamate, alanine; ammonia; ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate. Furthermore the Vmax of the following muscular enzymes was evaluated: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase; total NADH cytochrome c reductase; cytochrome oxidase. The adaptation to chronic intermittent normobaric mild or severe hypoxia induced alterations of the components in the anaerobic glycolytic pathway [as supported by the increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase and/or hexokinase, resulting in the decreased glycolytic substrate concentration consistent with the increased lactate production and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio] and in the mitochondrial mechanism [as supported by the decreased activity of malate dehydrogenase and/or citrate synthase resulting in the decreased concentration of some key components in the tricarboxylic acid cycle]. The effect of the concomitant pharmacological treatment suggests that the action of CNS-acting drugs could be also related to their direct influence on the muscular biochemical mechanisms linked to energy transduction.
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PMID:Modifications by chronic intermittent hypoxia and drug treatment on skeletal muscle metabolism. 778 38


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