Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.3.3.1 (citrate synthase)
4,488 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Cells from the bone marrow and cells from the thymus of the rat were incubated in the presence of glucose and glutamine and phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin-A or lipopolysaccharide. Cells were harvested at times up to 4 hr, extracted and maximum activities of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase or glutaminase measured. 2. In bone marrow cells, there were little changes in enzyme activities except for an increase in the activity of citrate synthase which was prevented by concanavalin-A. This mitogen also caused a decrease in the activity of hexokinase. 3. In contrast, in thymocytes, the activities of hexokinase and glutaminase were decreased in the control condition but addition of lipopolysaccharide, a B-cell mitogen prevented these decreases in activity and concanavalin-A maintained the activity of glutaminase. Concanavalin-A caused a decrease in hexokinase activity but a marked increase in that of glutaminase. 4. It is suggested that changes in the maximum activities of hexokinase and glutaminase over this 4 hr period may represent the effect of removal of thymus-produced growth factors, whose effects can be replaced, at least in part, by two mitogens.
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PMID:Effect of B- and T-cell mitogens on the maximum activities of hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and glutaminase in bone marrow cells and thymocytes of the rat during four hours of culture. 177 87

Rats weighing 45-50 g were fed 3 diets for 8 wk: a balanced control diet (CD) consisting of 4% fat (polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids [P/S] ratio 2.9/1) and two fat-rich diets: polyunsaturated (UD)--P/S 7.6/1 and saturated (SD) P/S 0.3/1. After 8 wk feeding on the respective diets, rats were subjected to swimming for 90 min at 30 degrees C daily, 5 d/wk for 8 wk. At the end of this period, the rats were killed and the lymphoid organs (LO--thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes) and muscles (soleus and gastrocnemius) removed for the measurement of TBARs (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactant Substances) content and of the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CuZn- and Mn-Superoxide dismutase--SOD--, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). To evaluate the changes in the sites of generation of reducing equivalents involved in the formation of free radicals, the activities of citrate synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured. The exercise-training clearly modified the enzyme activities and TBARs content of the lymphoid organs and skeletal muscles, but this effect was dependent upon the diet given to the rats. However, fatty acid rich diets had presented a more pronounced effect on the studied aspects than did physical activity. Although one could expect a summatory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet and exercise-training, swimming increased the activities of CuZn- and Mn-SOD in almost all tissues from the elevated level promoted by fat-rich diets.
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PMID:Antioxidant enzyme activities in the lymphoid organs and muscles of rats fed fatty acids-rich diets subjected to prolonged physical exercise-training. 782 70

The effect of swimming-training upon the activities of the enzymes involved in the generation of reducing-equivalents (citrate synthase-mitochondria and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-cytosol) and of antioxidant enzymes (CuZn- and Mn-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the lymphoid organs (thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen) was examined. The skeletal muscles (soleus-red and gastrocnemius-white) were also studied. Although our data suggest an apparently random, organ-specific change in enzymatic activity, some interesting trends can be observed. Firstly, the increased citrate synthase and Mn-SOD activities observed in red, but not in white muscle, corroborate the well-known effect of endurance exercise-training on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Secondly, there was an inverse relationship between TBARs-monitored lipoperoxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in all tissues studied, what is in accordance with the previous findings showing that such enzyme exerts the fine control of intracellular lipoperoxide concentration. Except in the case of the spleen, there was a trend for elevated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, coadjuvant of glutathione peroxidase in the antioxidant response to physical exercise in all tissues. Thirdly, Mn-SOD and catalase were conspicuously associated to oxidative stress in the thymus, while glutathione and catalase could be linked to this parameter in the spleen. Fourthly, the lymph nodes seem to be more dependent on the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase/glutathione peroxidase pair for protection against damage promoted by physical exercise. Mn-SOD and catalase activities were lower in the lymph nodes after swimming training.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in muscle and lymphoid organs of sedentary and exercise-trained rats. 782 77

The effect of alloxan-induced diabetes on CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, as well as the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) were examined in rat lymphoid organs (mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), thymus and spleen) and, for comparison, red and white muscle fibres. The capacity for generation of reduced equivalents was also evaluated by measuring the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pentose-phosphate pathway-cytosol) and citrate synthase (Krebs cycle-mitochondria). Diabetes raised the capacity for the generation of reducing equivalents in the lymphoid organs: in the mitochondria of the thymus and spleen and in the cytosol of the mesenteric lymph nodes and thymus. In muscles, diabetes reduced CuZn-SOD activity in soleus and raised the activity in gastrocnemius, and depressed the activities of catalase in soleus and of glutathione peroxidase in both soleus and gastrocnemius. In relation to the lymphoid organs, the spleen showed a decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities (except for glutathione peroxidase), whereas the thymus showed an increased level (except for Mn-SOD), and the MLN presented a reduction in Mn-SOD and catalase activities and an increase in GPX activity caused by diabetes. The content of TBARs in the tissues followed the changes in GPX activity inversely: i.e. a decrease in the lymphoid organs (except in the spleen) and an increase in the muscles of diabetic rats compared with the control group. All these changes found in diabetic rats were reversed by insulin treatment and were not modified by the normalization of glycaemia.
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PMID:Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the lymphoid organs of diabetic rats. 796 75

This study examined the effect of experimental hyper- and hypothyroidism on the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities of rat lymphoid organs (mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and thymus) and muscles (soleus and gastrocnemius-white portion) for comparison. The capacity for the generation of reducing equivalents was also investigated: activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pentose-phosphate pathway) and citrate synthase (Krebs cycle). Hyperthyroidism tended to enhance lipid peroxide content in all tissues. This effect may result from (1) a high capacity for the generation of reducing equivalents in cytosol and mitochondria and (2) a reduced activity of catalase in the lymphoid organs and of glutathione peroxidase in the muscles. The process of lipid peroxidation in these tissues caused by hyperthyroidism was probably slowed down by the augmentation of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activities observed under this condition. Hypothyroidism tended to diminish lipid peroxidation and did not affect citrate synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the lymphoid organs and muscles. Low levels of thyroid hormones tended to diminish Mn-SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities. These findings show that the thyroid hormones might be able to regulate the activities of CuZn- and Mn-SOD, and catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the lymphoid organs and skeletal muscles.
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PMID:Control of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat lymphoid organs by thyroid hormones. 813 54

It was previously shown that polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acid rich diets affected metabolic and functional changes in macrophages and a variety of immune tissues (thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen). This study reports metabolic and functional changes in peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes of Walker-256 ascites cell tumour-bearing rats which were fed (a) normal balanced diet (3% fat), (b) diet enriched (15% fat) with polyunsaturated fatty acids or (c) diet fortified (15% fat) with saturated fatty acids. Neither of the fatty acid enriched diets affected macrophage migration following tumour cell implantation and ascitic cell growth. However both of these fortified fatty acid regimes enhanced the production of H2O2 by macrophages and lymphocytes. The maximum catalytic capacities of hexokinase, glutaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in resident and tumour activated macrophages and lymphocytes obtained from rats fed the three fatty acid dietary regimes during seven days of tumour ascites cell growth. Tumour growth caused an increase in the activities of all of the above enzymes in macrophages irrespective of the fatty acid composition of the diet and notably decreased, independent of dietary fatty acid composition, the activities of the enzymes in lymphocytes. Only glutaminase activity in the lymphocytes of tumour bearing animals fed an unsaturated fatty acid-rich diet was not reduced, but was increased by 78%. Moreover macrophages from control rats fed an enriched polyunsaturated fatty acid diet had increased hexokinase activity (21%), decreased glutaminase (48%) and citrate synthase (decreased 41%) relative to the activities of these enzymes in macrophages of animals maintained on a balanced fatty acid diet. The feeding of both fatty acid rich diets did not modify the pattern of lymphocyte responses during the growth of tumour cells in these animals. None of the fatty acid diets modified the growth rate nor the yield of tumour cells in the peritoneal cavity.
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PMID:Effects of various dietary fatty acids on enzyme activities of carbohydrate and glutamine metabolism and the metabolic response of lymphocytes and macrophages during Walker-256 ascites cell tumour growth in rats. 849 May 66

1. The effect of administration of fish oil by gavage on key enzyme activities of glucose metabolism of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes was investigated. 2. The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase in the lymphoid organs were markedly raised due to a daily administration of fish oil by gavage (0.4% of body weight). 3. These findings indicate that the therapeutic utilization of fish oil does affect the metabolism of the lymphoid organs, and possibly immune function; however, the mechanism involved remains to be investigated.
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PMID:Administration of fish oil by gavage increases the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase in rat lymphoid organs. 890 80

Thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (TBARs) content, and the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDh), citrate synthase (CS), Cu/Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in the lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) of adrenodemedullated (ADM) rats. The results were compared with those obtained for sham-operated rats. TBARs content was reduced by adrenodemedullation in the lymphoid organs (MLN) (28%), thymus (40%) and spleen (42%)) and gastrocnemius muscle (67%). G6PDh activity was enhanced in the MLN (69%) and reduced in the spleen (28%) and soleus muscle (75%). CS activity was reduced in all tissues (MLN (75%), spleen (71%), gastrocnemius (61%) and soleus (43%)), except in the thymus which displayed an increment of 56%. Cu/Zn-SOD activity was increased in the MLN (126%), thymus (223%), spleen (80%) and gastrocnemius muscle (360%) and was reduced in the soleus muscle (31%). Mn-SOD activity was decreased in the MLN (67%) and spleen (26%) and increased in the thymus (142%), whereas catalase activity was reduced in the MLN (76%), thymus (54%) and soleus muscle (47%). It is particularly noteworthy that in ADM rats the activity of glutathione peroxidase was not detectable by the method used. These data are consistent with the possibility that epinephrine might play a role in the oxidative stress of the lymphoid organs. Whether this fact represents an important mechanism for the establishment of impaired immune function during stress remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Changes in the TBARs content and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the lymphoid organs and skeletal muscles of adrenodemedullated rats. 969 30

The toxicities of 2'-fluorouridine (2'-FU) and 2'-fluorocytidine-HCl (2'-FC) were separately evaluated in 2 species, male Fischer 344 (F334) rats and woodchucks. Particular attention was focused on the ability of these nucleosides to induce toxicities similar to those induced by the antiviral drug fialuridine (FIAU). 2'-FU or 2'-FC was administered to F344 male rats by intravenous injection at doses of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days and to male and female woodchucks at doses of 0.75 and 7.5 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days. Clinical chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis (woodchuck only) profiles were assessed during and at the termination of the study. At necropsy, organs were weighed and tissues collected for routine histologic analysis. Cytochrome c oxidase activity, citrate synthase activity, and mitochondrial DNA content were measured, and micronucleus formation in the bone marrow (rats only) was evaluated. No adverse clinical effects were observed in either species. Rats treated with high doses of either 2'-FU or 2'-FC had body weights that were 90% of those of controls. 2'-FU and 2'-FC both induced a moderate decrease in the median lymphocyte count, and 2'-FC and 2'-FU induced a mild increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. Both compounds caused slight to moderate, reversible, histologic changes in the spleen and thymus. In the woodchuck, 2'-FC caused a slight increase in mean absolute lymphocytes, and 2'-FC and 2'-FU slightly increased hepatic periportal vacuolation and/or mononuclear cell infiltration. In summary, neither compound showed evidence of the toxicity induced by fialuridine in either species. Although compound effects were observed, none of these effects were considered to be adverse, and the no-observed adverse effect level was determined to be 500 mg/kg/day for both compounds in the male F344 rat and 7.5 mg/kg/day in the woodchuck.
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PMID:An evaluation of the toxicities of 2'-fluorouridine and 2'-fluorocytidine-HCl in F344 rats and woodchucks (Marmota monax). 1058 40

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is an important way to generate ATP, which is widely distributed in the cells of animal, plant or microorganism. It catalyses the catabolism of sugar as well as protein and fat. Citrate synthase plays a key role in regulating TCA cycle and is responsible for catalysing the synthesis of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. Screening of genomic informatics was performed by using pig citrate synthase cDNA as a probe and a contig which is 1636 bp long and has highly homologous to the pig citrate synthase cDNA was obtained from selected ESTs with the ASSEMBLY program. According to the sequence of this contig, a pair of primers was designed and used to amplify cDNA libraries. A 1492 bp cDNA containing an open reading frame encoding 466 amino acids was cloned from human testis and skeletal muscle cDNA libraries. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA showed 95%, 92% and 60.9% identity to pig, chicken and yeast citrate synthase respectively. Because the deduced amino acids sequence contains a highly conserved motif of citrate synthase from three different species, it is believed that this cDNA may be a transcript of human citrate synthase gene. Northern analysis showed that the human citrate synthase was expressed at high level in heart and muscle, at middle level in brain, kidney and pancreas tissues, not detectable in thymus and small intestine tissues, and at low level in other nine tested human tissues.
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PMID:[Cloning and tissue expression pattern analysis of the human citrate synthase cDNA]. 1254 38


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