Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: EC:2.3.1.28 (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)
5,100 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nucleotide sequences that direct transcription of the human 5-lipoxygenase gene have been examined by ligation to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and determination of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in transfected HeLa and HL-60 cells. Various lengths of 5'-flanking sequences up to 5.9 kilobase pairs 5' of the transcriptional initiation sites were tested. Two positive and two negative apparent regulatory regions were seen. Part of the promoter sequence (-179 to -56 from ATG), which includes five repeated GC boxes (the putative Sp1 binding sequence) was essential for transcription in both HeLa and HL-60 cells. Gel-shift assays (using the DNA fragment -212 to -88) revealed that the transcriptional factor Sp1 could bind to this region of the 5-lipoxygenase promoter. Furthermore, HL-60 nuclear extracts contained specific nuclear factor(s) binding to 5-lipoxygenase promoter DNA, which could not be detected in HeLa cell nuclear extracts.
...
PMID:Characterization of the human 5-lipoxygenase gene promoter. 225 Dec 50

The promoter of the gene coding for the rat cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase was cloned from a Charon 4A genomic library. We have sequenced a 1.1-kilobase PstI-PstI fragment which contains the first exon of the gene, the beginning of the first intron and 682 base pairs of the 5' regulatory region (+1 being the A of the first ATG codon), which exhibits promoter activity. The promoter region is G + C rich, does not include any TATA-like element, but has 4 putative Sp1-binding sites and 6 regularly spaced CCAAT boxes. The promoter activity of the 5' regulatory region, as well as its sensitivity to glucocorticoids, were assessed by transient gene expression assays after fusion to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in the hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Fao. Multiple transcription start sites were found on the gene over a short distance (55 base pairs), but they were differentially regulated by glucocorticoids as determined by both primer extension analysis and S1 mapping. In particular, transcription from 2 start sites was increased 15- to 18-fold, whereas transcription from the 3 other ones was increased 3-fold. In addition, three new start sites, below the detection limit in control cells, were highly induced. Therefore, a hormonal regulatory element can discriminate among closely related transcription start sites.
...
PMID:Hormonal discrimination among transcription start sites of aspartate aminotransferase. 230 72

The transcription start site and promoter of the rat gene coding for the transcription factor NF-1 have been identified. The NF-1 promoter was fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-coding sequence, and the resulting plasmid was transcriptionally active in the HepG2 cell line. Footprinting and gel retardation analysis indicated that the transcription factor Sp1 binds to the NF-1 promoter. Mutants in the Sp1-binding site displayed a strong reduction in transcriptional activity.
...
PMID:Transcription of the promoter of the rat NF-1 gene depends on the integrity of an Sp1 recognition site. 240 42

The 5' end of the human c-ets-2 gene, ETS2, was cloned and characterized. The major transcription initiation start sites were identified, and the pertinent sequences surrounding the ETS2 promoter were determined. The promoter region of ETS2 does not possess typical "TATA" and "CAAT" elements. However, this promoter contains several repeat regions, as well as two consensus AP2 binding sites and three putative Sp1 sites. There is also a palindromic region similar to the serum response element of the c-fos gene, located 1400 base pairs (bp) upstream from the first major transcription initiation site. A G + C-rich sequence (GC element) with dyad symmetry can be seen in the ETS2 promoter, immediately following an unusually long (approximately 250-bp) polypurine-polypyrimidine tract. A series of deletion fragments from the putative promoter region were ligated in front of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and tested for activity following transfection into HeLa cells. The 5' boundary of the region needed for maximum promoter activity was found to be 159 bp upstream of the major initiation site. This region of 159 bp contains putative binding sites for transcription factors Sp1 and AP2 (one for each), the GC element, one small forward repeat, one inverted repeat, and half of the polypurine-pyrimidine tract. The promoter of ETS2 (within the polypyrimidine tract) serves to illustrate an alternative structure that may be present in genes with "TATA-less" promoters.
...
PMID:Molecular and functional characterization of the promoter of ETS2, the human c-ets-2 gene. 240 93

The regulation of gastrin gene transcription was studied in GH4 pituitary cells transfected with constructs comprised of the first exon of the human gastrin gene and various lengths of 5' regulatory sequences ligated upstream of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Gastrin reporter gene activity in GH4 cells was equal to the activity of a reporter gene transcribed from the endogenously expressed growth hormone promoter. The effect of a variety of peptides on gastrin gene transcription including epidermal growth factor (normally present in the gastric lumen), gastrin-releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin (present in gastric nerves) was assessed. Epidermal growth factor increased the rate of gastrin transcription almost 3-fold, whereas thyrotropin-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide increased gastrin transcription 2- and 1.5-fold, respectively. Gastrin-releasing peptide, a peptide that strongly stimulates gastrin release, weakly increased gastrin transcription (1.3-fold). Somatostatin inhibited the increase in gastrin transcription induced by epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Constructs containing various lengths of 5' regulatory sequences defined a response element -40 to -82 base pairs (bp) 5' to the transcription initiation site. This 40-bp sequence contains Sp1 and AP2 binding sites, which suggests that epidermal growth factor and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulate gastrin gene transcription through transcription factors that bind to Sp1 and/or AP2 motifs.
...
PMID:Regulation of the gastrin promoter by epidermal growth factor and neuropeptides. 256 64

The human ts11 gene was isolated on the basis of its ability to complement the mutation of the BHK cell cycle ts11 mutant, which is blocked in G1 at the nonpermissive temperature. This gene has now been identified as the structural gene for asparagine synthetase (AS) on the bases of sequence homology and the ability of exogenous asparagine to bypass the ts11 block. The ts11 (AS) mRNA has a size of about 2 kilobases and is induced in mid-G1 phase in human, mouse, and hamster cell lines. We have studied the organization and regulation of expression of the ts11 gene. The human ts11 gene consists of 13 exons (the first two noncoding) interspersed in a region of about 21 kilobases of DNA. Transient expression assays using the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene identified two separate promoters: one (ts11 P1) contained in a 280-base-pair region upstream of the first exon and the other (ts11 P2) contained in the first intron. ts11 P1 produced about sixfold more chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity than did ts11 P2 and had features of the promoters of housekeeping genes: high G + C content, multiple transcription start sites, absence of a TATA box, and presence of putative Sp1 binding sites. ts11 P2 contained a TATA sequence and other elements characteristic of a promoter, but so far we have no evidence of its physiological utilization. The ts11 gene was overexpressed in ts11 cells exposed to the nonpermissive temperature. Addition of asparagine to the culture medium led to a drastic decrease in mRNA levels and prevented G1 induction in serum-stimulated cells, which indicated that expression of the AS gene is regulated by a mechanism of end product inhibition.
...
PMID:Organization and expression of the cell cycle gene, ts11, that encodes asparagine synthetase. 256 68

Metal-regulated transcription of metallothionein (MT) genes in higher eucaryotes involves multiple copies of a highly conserved 17-base-pair metal-regulatory element (MRE). We have assayed by transient transfection the ability of mouse MT-I element d (MREd) to confer metal responsivity to constructs containing the mouse MT-I TATA box and the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase indicator gene. A single copy of MREd works bidirectionally to afford a three- to fourfold induction, and dual copies act cooperatively to yield a 10- to 20-fold response. Element d responds to the same spectrum of heavy metals as doses the complete MT gene promoter. The sequences involved in induction by metals were delineated by analyzing point mutations in MREd. While nucleotides of the highly conserved core sequence TGCPuCXC are critical, substitutions in the less conserved regions affect the induction response only marginally. These sequences include residues of a potential Sp1-binding site, suggesting that if Sp1 binds to MREd, it has little if any role in induction by metals.
...
PMID:Fine mapping of a mouse metallothionein gene metal response element. 272 4

Two distinct regions of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) promoter are responsive to autoregulation and activation by phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate): sequences located between nucleotides -454 to -323 (first promoter) and between the two transcriptional start sites. We have now characterized in detail the induction of the second promoter (sequences between nucleotides + 1 to +271) of the TGF-beta 1 gene by both TGF-beta 1 and phorbol ester. By assaying progressively deleted mutations in the second promoter, we have found two regions responsible for the induction; each contains a phorbol ester-responsive element. In vitro transcription of the second promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase chimeric genes using nuclear extracts of A-549 cells showed that deletion of the putative phorbol ester-responsive elements results in a 70-80% decrease in activity. DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays showed that binding to an Sp1 site and the putative TRE elements are required for maximal expression of the second promoter region of the TGF-beta 1 gene. These results suggest that AP-1, which is capable of conferring phorbol ester or TGF-beta 1 responsiveness, is the major transcription factor involved in the second promoter-derived transcription of the TGF-beta 1 gene.
...
PMID:Activation of the second promoter of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene by transforming growth factor-beta 1 and phorbol ester occurs through the same target sequences. 280 30

To determine the location of sites that may be important for the function of the promoter of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene and to characterize the factors that bind to these sites, the promoter region was analyzed by deletion analysis, exonuclease III protection and gel retardation assays with crude and fractionated nuclear extracts and DNase I footprinting using purified Sp1. Transfection of chimeric chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmids containing various deletions of the EGF receptor gene promoter into CV-1 cells indicated that the region between -178 and -16 (initiator ATG is +1) is sufficient for promoter activity. Exonuclease III protection assays revealed the presence of eight specific nuclear protein binding sites in the region between -481 and -16. Gel retardation assays confirmed that multiple protein binding sites exist in this region (-481 to -16) and quantitatively agree with exonuclease III protection. DNase I footprinting using purified Sp1 showed that this transcription factor can bind to four sites (-457 to -440, -365 to -286, -214 to -200, and -110 to -84) in the EGF receptor gene promoter and therefore may play a role in its regulation.
...
PMID:Epidermal growth factor receptor gene promoter. Deletion analysis and identification of nuclear protein binding sites. 283 11

The promoter of mouse DNA polymerase beta gene was analyzed by combining 5'-upstream region of this gene with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and by introduction of the recombinant plasmid DNA into mouse NIH/3T3 cells. Serial deletion of the mouse DNA sequence revealed that the promoter function resides within a 33 base pair region from the nucleotide position -48 to -15 with respect to the transcription initiation site, and is highly active without enhancer sequence. The promoter region was separated into two subregions: one (-48 to -35) contains a GC-box and the other contains a 10 base pair palindrome, whose sequence is similar to one of promoter consensus sequences found in a number of promoters including adenovirus promoters. The DNA polymerase beta promoter-directed CAT expression was competitively inhibited by the simultaneous transfection of plasmid DNA containing SV40 early promoter sequence. The viral sequences which are competitive to the GC-box of DNA polymerase beta gene promoter were the GC-boxes of SV40 promoter. Therefore, it is concluded that transcription of mouse DNA polymerase beta gene is regulated by mouse trans-acting factors equivalent to human Sp1 which is known to be trans-acting protein factor acting on SV40 GC-box sequences.
...
PMID:Mouse DNA polymerase beta gene promoter: fine mapping and involvement of Sp1-like mouse transcription factor in its function. 284 59


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---