Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.3.1.28 (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)
5,100 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation on pi class glutathione transferase (GST-P) gene expression was examined in cultured rat keratinocytes. Immunoblotting demonstrated GST-P to be the major GST form in the cells, and it was significantly decreased following irradiation. Northern blot analysis revealed that the mRNA decreased to 10-25% of the initial value 24 h after irradiation at a dose of 40 mJ/cm2. No remarkable changes were observed at earlier time points. Hydrogen peroxide treatment enhanced GST-P mRNA expression, with a 70% increase at 250 microM concentration. Alterations in possible trans-acting factors were examined to clarify the mechanism of repression by UV irradiation. c-Jun mRNA was induced 3.5-fold at 4 h after irradiation, but by 24 h fell to a lower level than that observed initially. c-Fos mRNA was increased 10-fold at 1 h but was completely suppressed at 12 and 24 h. Thus, the changes of c-Jun and c-Fos mRNA differed from that of GST-P mRNA. The level of mRNA for silencer factor-B was decreased to less than 10% at 12 h. UV irradiation of cells transfected with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene containing enhancer (GPE I) or silencer regions of the GST-P gene did not suppress CAT activity. Although basal expression of the GST-P gene was mainly dependent on GPE I, altered expression of c-jun, c-fos and other genes coding for factors possibly trans-acting on GPE I did not appear to be responsible for the decreased GST-P mRNA levels.
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PMID:Decrease in class pi glutathione transferase mRNA levels by ultraviolet irradiation of cultured rat keratinocytes. 943 81

Xenobiotics and antioxidants induce expression of detoxifying enzymes including NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), NRH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO2), and glutathione S-transferase Ya (GST Ya), presumably to provide protection to cells against electrophilic and oxidative stress. Antioxidant response elements (AREs) have been found in the promoter regions of the various detoxifying enzyme genes. An ARE is required for basal expression and induction of the various detoxifying enzyme genes in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. In this study, we demonstrated that exposure of cells to xenobiotics [e.g. beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF)] and antioxidants [e.g. tert-butyl hydroquinone (t-BHQ)] also induced the expression of the proto-oncogene c-jun. The induction of c-jun gene expression followed kinetics similar to the induction of NQO1 and NQO2 genes with respect to the level and time of exposure. Sequence analysis of the c-jun gene promoter revealed the presence of an ARE between nucleotides -538 and -514. The c-jun ARE was highly homologous to the AREs from genes encoding NQO1, NQO2, and GST Ya. Constructs containing the c-jun ARE and 1.7 and 4.5 kb of the c-jun promoter ligated to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, upon transfection in human hepatoblastoma (Hep-G2) cells, expressed the CAT gene, which was inducible with beta-NF and t-BHQ. Band shift assays indicated binding of two specific nuclear protein complexes with the c-jun gene ARE. The faster running c-jun gene ARE-nuclear protein complex was specifically competed out by unlabeled NQO1 and GST Ya gene AREs. These results suggest that c-jun gene expression is coordinately induced and regulated with detoxifying enzyme genes in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. The results also suggest involvement of an ARE-mediated mechanism of induction of c-jun gene expression. However, a comparison of fold induction of endogenous c-jun gene and transfected c-jun promoter/ARE-CAT constructs indicated involvement of another ARE upstream of the 4.5-kb promoter and/or additional mechanisms such as stabilization of c-Jun RNA in response to exposure to xenobiotics and antioxidants.
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PMID:Coordinated induction of the c-jun gene with genes encoding quinone oxidoreductases in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. 1041 96

gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of glutathione, a known scavenger of electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The gamma-GCS gene is expressed ubiquitously and induced coordinately with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase(1) (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase Ya (GST Ya) in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. The antioxidant response element (ARE) is required for expression and induction of these genes. In the current report, we demonstrated that ARE-mediated gamma-GCS gene expression and induction is regulated by similar Nrf and Jun factors as reported earlier for the NQO1 and GST Ya genes. The gamma-GCS gene ARE competed with the binding of nuclear proteins (Nrf + Jun) to the NQO1 gene ARE (hARE). In addition, the overexpression of Nrf2 and Nrf1 with c-Jun significantly up-regulated gamma-GCS ARE-mediated basal expression and beta-naphthoflavone induction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in transfected HepG2 cells. Interestingly, Nrf2 + c-Jun was more effective than Nrf1 + c-Jun in the regulation of ARE-mediated gamma-GCS gene expression. Further experiments demonstrated that the c-Jun level within the cells is an important determinant of the level of ARE-mediated gamma-GCS gene expression. Therefore, at higher concentrations of c-Jun, gamma-GCS gene expression is repressed, presumably due to generation of a sufficient amount of c-Jun + c-Fos complex that interferes with the binding of Nrf2 + c-Jun complex to the ARE.
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PMID:Nrf2 and c-Jun regulation of antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated expression and induction of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene. 1075 53

To identify proteins that can bind the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) we screened human cDNA libraries using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae three-hybrid system. Screening with an RNA sequence derived from the 3'-terminal 98 nucleotides (3'X region) of an infectious clone of HCV (H77c) yielded clones of human ribosomal proteins L22, L3, S3, and mL3, a mitochondrial homologue of L3. We performed preliminary characterization of the binding between the 3'X region and these proteins by a three-hybrid mating assay using mutant 3'X sequences. We have further characterized the interaction between 3'X and L22, since this protein is known to be associated with two small Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA species (EBERs) which are abundantly produced in cells latently infected with EBV. The EBERs, which have similar predicted secondary structure to the HCV 3'X, assemble into ribonucleoprotein particles that include L22 and La protein. To confirm that L22 binds HCV 3'X we performed in vitro binding assays using recombinant L22 (expressed as a glutathione S-transferase [GST] fusion protein) together with a 3'X riboprobe. The 3'X region binds to the GST-L22 fusion protein (but not to GST alone), and this interaction is subject to competition with unlabeled 3'X RNA. To establish the functional role played by L22 in internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation of HCV sequences we performed translational analysis in HuH-7 cells using monocistronic and bicistronic reporter constructs. The relative amount of core-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter protein translated under the control of the HCV IRES was stimulated in the presence of L22 and La when these proteins were supplied in trans.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus 3'X region interacts with human ribosomal proteins. 1115 8

The CAT-Tox (L) assay has recently been developed and validated for detecting and quantifying the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie toxicity of various xenobotic chemicals. We performed this assay to measure the transcriptional responses associated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2 of its byproducts [2,4 and 2,6-dinitotoluenes (DNTs)] to 13 different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) by creating stable transfectants of mammalian promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytoxicity test with the parental HepG2 cells, using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]-based assay for cell viability, yielded LC50 values of 105 +/- 6 mg/mL for TNT in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and > 300 mg/mL for DNTs, upon 48 h of exposure. TNT appeared to be more toxic than 2,4-DNT, which also showed a higher toxicity compared to 2,6-DNT. Of the 13 recombinant constructs evaluated, 8 (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE, HMTIIA, c-fos, HSP70, GADD153, and GADD45), 5 (c-fos, HSP70, GADD153, GADD45, and GRP78), and none showed inductions to significant levels (p < 0.05), for TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT, respectively. For most constructs, the induction of stress genes was concentration-dependent. These results show the potential for TNT and 2,4-DNT to cause protein damage and/or perturbations of protein biosynthesis (HSP70 and GRP78), alterations in DNA sequence or its helical structure (c-fos, GADD153, GADD45), and the potential involvement of TNT in the biotransformation process (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE), and in the toxicokinetics of metal ions (HMTIIA). Within the range of concentrations tested (0-300 mg TNT or DNT/mL in 1% DMSO), no significant inductions (p > 0.05) of NFKBRE, p53RE, CRE, and RARE were found.
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PMID:Transcriptional activation of stress genes and cytotoxicity in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene. 1140 92

Epidemiological studies have shown that there exists some correlation between cadmium exposure and human cancers. The evidence that cadmium and cadmium compounds are probable human carcinogens is also supported by experimental studies reporting induction of malignant tumors formation in multiple species of laboratory animals exposed to these compounds. In vitro studies with mammalian cells have also shown that cadmium is clastogenic, but its mutagenic potential is rather weak. In this research, we performed the MTT assay for cell viability to assess the cytotoxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and the CAT-Tox (L) assay to measure the induction of stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), by creating stable transfectants of different mammalian promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytotoxicity experiments with the parental cell line yielded a LC50 of 6.1 +/- 0.8 microg/mL, upon 48 h of exposure. Four (metallothionein--HMTIIA, 70-kDa heat shock protein--HSP70, xenobitic response element--XRE, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element--CRE) out of the 13 constructs evaluated showed statistically significant inductions (p < 0.05). The induction of these genes was concentration-dependent. Marginal inductions were also recorded for the c-fos, and 153-kDa growth arrest DNA damage (GADD153) promoters, indicating a potential for CdCl2 to damage DNA. However, no significant inductions (p > 0.05) of gene expression were recorded for cytochrome P4501A1--CYP1A1, glutathion-S-transferase Ya subunit--GST Ya, nuclear factor kappa (B site) response element--NFkappaBRE, tumor suppressor protein response element--p53RE, 45-kDa growth arrest DNA damage--GADD45, 78-kDa glucose regulated protein--GRP78, and retinoic acid response element--RARE. As expected, these results indicate that metallothioneins and heat shock proteins appear to be excellent candidates for biomarkers for detecting cadmium-induced proteotoxic effects at the molecular and cellular levels. Induction of XRE indicates the potential involvement of CdCl2 in the biotransformation process in the liver, while activation of CRE indicates stimulation of cellular signaling through the protein kinases pathway.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to cadmium chloride. 1167 4

Recent studies in our laboratory indicated that arsenic trioxide has the ability to cause significant cytotoxicity, and induction of a significant number of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells, HepG2. However, similar investigations with atrazine did not show any significant effects of this chemical on HepG2 cells, even at its maximum solubility of 100 microg/mL in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Further cytogenetic studies were therefore carried out to investigate the combined effects of arsenic trioxide and atrazine on cell viability and gene expression in immortalized human hepatocytes. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT-assay for cell viability, while the CAT-Tox (L) assay was performed to measure the induction of stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), by creating stable transfectants of different mammalian promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytotoxicity experiments yielded LC50 values of 11.9 +/- 2.6 microg/mL for arsenic trioxide in de-ionized water, and 3.6 +/- 0.4 microg/mL for arsenic trioxide in 100 microg/mL atrazine; indicating a 3 fold increase in arsenic toxicity associated with the atrazine exposure. Co-exposure of HepG2 cells to atrazine also resulted in a significant increase in the potency of arsenic trioxide to upregulate a number of stress genes including those of the glutathione-S-transferase Ya subunit--GST Ya, metallothioneinIIa--HMTIIA, 70-kDa heat shock protein--HSP70, c-fos, 153-kDa growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD153), 45-kDa growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD45), and 78-kDa glucose regulated protein--GRP78 promoters, as well as the xenobiotic response element--XRE, tumor suppressor protein response element--p53RE, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element--CRE, and retinoic acid response element--RARE. No significant changes were observed with respect to the influence of atrazine on the modulation of cytochrome P450 1A1-CYP 1A1, and nuclear factor kappa (B site) response element--NFkappaBRE by arsenic trioxide. These results indicate that co-exposure to atrazine strongly potentiates arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in transformed human hepatocytes.
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PMID:Atrazine potentiation of arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity and gene expression in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). 1167 11

The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), bound to the 3' poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNAs, plays critical roles in mRNA translation and stability. PABP autoregulates its synthesis by binding to a conserved A-rich sequence present in the 5'-untranslated region of PABP mRNA and repressing its translation. PABP is composed of two parts: the highly conserved N terminus, containing 4 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) responsible for poly(A) and eIF4G binding; and the more variable C terminus, which includes the recently described PABC domain, and promotes intermolecular interaction between PABP molecules as well as cooperative binding to poly(A). Here we show that, in vitro, GST-PABP represses the translation of reporter mRNAs containing 20 or more A residues in their 5'-untranslated regions and remains effective as a repressor when an A61 tract is placed at different distances from the cap, up to 126 nucleotides. Deletion of the PABP C terminus, but not the PABC domain alone, significantly reduces its ability to inhibit translation when bound to sequences distal to the cap, but not to proximal ones. Moreover, cooperative binding by multiple PABP molecules to poly(A) requires the C terminus, but not the PABC domain. Further analysis using pull-down assays shows that the interaction between PABP molecules, mediated by the C terminus, does not require the PABC domain and is enhanced by the presence of RRM 4. In vivo, fusion proteins containing parts of the PABP C terminus fused to the viral coat protein MS2 have an enhanced ability to prevent the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter mRNAs containing the MS2 binding site at distal distances from the cap. Altogether, our results identify a proline- and glutamine-rich linker located between the RRMs and the PABC domain as being strictly required for PABP/PABP interaction, cooperative binding to poly(A) and enhanced translational repression of reporter mRNAs in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:Identification of a C-terminal poly(A)-binding protein (PABP)-PABP interaction domain: role in cooperative binding to poly (A) and efficient cap distal translational repression. 1295 55

ZO-2 is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein present at the tight junction (TJ) of epithelial cells. While confluent monolayers have ZO-2 at their cellular borders, sparse cultures conspicuously show ZO-2 at the nuclei. To study the role of nuclear ZO-2, we tested by pull-down assays and gel shift analysis the interaction between ZO-2 GST fusion proteins and different transcription factors. We identified the existence of a specific interaction of ZO-2 with Fos, Jun and C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein). To analyze if this association is present "in vivo", we performed immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization experiments, which revealed an interaction of ZO-2 with Jun, Fos and C/EBP not only at the nucleus but also at the TJ region. To test if the association of ZO-2 with AP-1 (activator protein-1) modulates gene transcription, we performed reporter gene assays employing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs with promoters under the control of AP-1 sites. We observed that the co-transfected ZO-2 down-regulates CAT expression in a dose-dependent manner. Since ZO-2 is a multidomain protein, we proceeded to determine which region of the molecule is responsible for the modulation of gene expression, and observed that both the amino and the carboxyl domains are capable of inhibiting gene transcription.
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PMID:The tight junction protein ZO-2 associates with Jun, Fos and C/EBP transcription factors in epithelial cells. 1472 May 6


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