Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.3.1.28 (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)
 5,100 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The CAT-Tox (L) assay has recently been developed and validated for detecting and quantifying the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie toxicity of various xenobotic chemicals. We performed this assay to measure the transcriptional responses associated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2 of its byproducts [2,4 and 2,6-dinitotoluenes (DNTs)] to 13 different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) by creating stable transfectants of mammalian promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytoxicity test with the parental HepG2 cells, using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]-based assay for cell viability, yielded LC50 values of 105 +/- 6 mg/mL for TNT in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and > 300 mg/mL for DNTs, upon 48 h of exposure. TNT appeared to be more toxic than 2,4-DNT, which also showed a higher toxicity compared to 2,6-DNT. Of the 13 recombinant constructs evaluated, 8 (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE, HMTIIA, c-fos, HSP70, GADD153, and GADD45), 5 (c-fos, HSP70, GADD153, GADD45, and GRP78), and none showed inductions to significant levels (p < 0.05), for TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT, respectively. For most constructs, the induction of stress genes was concentration-dependent. These results show the potential for TNT and 2,4-DNT to cause protein damage and/or perturbations of protein biosynthesis (HSP70 and GRP78), alterations in DNA sequence or its helical structure (c-fos, GADD153, GADD45), and the potential involvement of TNT in the biotransformation process (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE), and in the toxicokinetics of metal ions (HMTIIA). Within the range of concentrations tested (0-300 mg TNT or DNT/mL in 1% DMSO), no significant inductions (p > 0.05) of NFKBRE, p53RE, CRE, and RARE were found.
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PMID:Transcriptional activation of stress genes and cytotoxicity in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene. 1140 92

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily that binds to the androgen response element to regulate target gene transcription. AR may need to interact with some selected coregulators for maximal or proper androgen function. Here we report the isolation of a new AR coregulator with a calculated molecular mass of 267 kDa named the androgen receptor-associated protein 267-alpha (ARA267-alpha). ARA267-alpha contains 2427 amino acids, including one Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, and Trithorax (SET) domain, two LXXLL motifs, three nuclear translocation signal (NLS) sequences, and four plant homeodomain (PHD) finger domains. Northern blot analyses reveal that ARA267-alpha is expressed predominantly in the lymph node as 13- and 10-kilobase transcripts. HepG2 is the only cell line tested that does not express ARA267-alpha. Yeast two-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays show that both the N and C terminus of ARA267-alpha interact with the AR DNA- and ligand-binding domains. Unlike other coregulators, such as CBP, which enhance the interaction between the N and C terminus of AR, we found that ARA267-alpha had little influence on the interaction between the N and C terminus of AR. Luciferase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays show that ARA267-alpha can enhance AR transactivation in a dihydrotestosterone-dependent manner in PC-3 and H1299 cells. ARA267-alpha can also enhance AR transactivation with other coregulators, such as ARA24 or PCAF, a histone acetylase, in an additive manner. Together, our data demonstrate that ARA267-alpha is a new AR coregulator containing the SET domain with an exceptionally large molecular mass that can enhance AR transactivation in prostate cancer cells.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of a novel androgen receptor coregulator ARA267-alpha in prostate cancer cells. 1150 67

Epidemiological studies have shown that there exists some correlation between cadmium exposure and human cancers. The evidence that cadmium and cadmium compounds are probable human carcinogens is also supported by experimental studies reporting induction of malignant tumors formation in multiple species of laboratory animals exposed to these compounds. In vitro studies with mammalian cells have also shown that cadmium is clastogenic, but its mutagenic potential is rather weak. In this research, we performed the MTT assay for cell viability to assess the cytotoxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and the CAT-Tox (L) assay to measure the induction of stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), by creating stable transfectants of different mammalian promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytotoxicity experiments with the parental cell line yielded a LC50 of 6.1 +/- 0.8 microg/mL, upon 48 h of exposure. Four (metallothionein--HMTIIA, 70-kDa heat shock protein--HSP70, xenobitic response element--XRE, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element--CRE) out of the 13 constructs evaluated showed statistically significant inductions (p < 0.05). The induction of these genes was concentration-dependent. Marginal inductions were also recorded for the c-fos, and 153-kDa growth arrest DNA damage (GADD153) promoters, indicating a potential for CdCl2 to damage DNA. However, no significant inductions (p > 0.05) of gene expression were recorded for cytochrome P4501A1--CYP1A1, glutathion-S-transferase Ya subunit--GST Ya, nuclear factor kappa (B site) response element--NFkappaBRE, tumor suppressor protein response element--p53RE, 45-kDa growth arrest DNA damage--GADD45, 78-kDa glucose regulated protein--GRP78, and retinoic acid response element--RARE. As expected, these results indicate that metallothioneins and heat shock proteins appear to be excellent candidates for biomarkers for detecting cadmium-induced proteotoxic effects at the molecular and cellular levels. Induction of XRE indicates the potential involvement of CdCl2 in the biotransformation process in the liver, while activation of CRE indicates stimulation of cellular signaling through the protein kinases pathway.
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PMID:Cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to cadmium chloride. 1167 4

Recent studies in our laboratory indicated that arsenic trioxide has the ability to cause significant cytotoxicity, and induction of a significant number of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells, HepG2. However, similar investigations with atrazine did not show any significant effects of this chemical on HepG2 cells, even at its maximum solubility of 100 microg/mL in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Further cytogenetic studies were therefore carried out to investigate the combined effects of arsenic trioxide and atrazine on cell viability and gene expression in immortalized human hepatocytes. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT-assay for cell viability, while the CAT-Tox (L) assay was performed to measure the induction of stress genes in thirteen different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), by creating stable transfectants of different mammalian promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytotoxicity experiments yielded LC50 values of 11.9 +/- 2.6 microg/mL for arsenic trioxide in de-ionized water, and 3.6 +/- 0.4 microg/mL for arsenic trioxide in 100 microg/mL atrazine; indicating a 3 fold increase in arsenic toxicity associated with the atrazine exposure. Co-exposure of HepG2 cells to atrazine also resulted in a significant increase in the potency of arsenic trioxide to upregulate a number of stress genes including those of the glutathione-S-transferase Ya subunit--GST Ya, metallothioneinIIa--HMTIIA, 70-kDa heat shock protein--HSP70, c-fos, 153-kDa growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD153), 45-kDa growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD45), and 78-kDa glucose regulated protein--GRP78 promoters, as well as the xenobiotic response element--XRE, tumor suppressor protein response element--p53RE, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element--CRE, and retinoic acid response element--RARE. No significant changes were observed with respect to the influence of atrazine on the modulation of cytochrome P450 1A1-CYP 1A1, and nuclear factor kappa (B site) response element--NFkappaBRE by arsenic trioxide. These results indicate that co-exposure to atrazine strongly potentiates arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in transformed human hepatocytes.
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PMID:Atrazine potentiation of arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity and gene expression in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). 1167 11

The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), bound to the 3' poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNAs, plays critical roles in mRNA translation and stability. PABP autoregulates its synthesis by binding to a conserved A-rich sequence present in the 5'-untranslated region of PABP mRNA and repressing its translation. PABP is composed of two parts: the highly conserved N terminus, containing 4 RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) responsible for poly(A) and eIF4G binding; and the more variable C terminus, which includes the recently described PABC domain, and promotes intermolecular interaction between PABP molecules as well as cooperative binding to poly(A). Here we show that, in vitro, GST-PABP represses the translation of reporter mRNAs containing 20 or more A residues in their 5'-untranslated regions and remains effective as a repressor when an A61 tract is placed at different distances from the cap, up to 126 nucleotides. Deletion of the PABP C terminus, but not the PABC domain alone, significantly reduces its ability to inhibit translation when bound to sequences distal to the cap, but not to proximal ones. Moreover, cooperative binding by multiple PABP molecules to poly(A) requires the C terminus, but not the PABC domain. Further analysis using pull-down assays shows that the interaction between PABP molecules, mediated by the C terminus, does not require the PABC domain and is enhanced by the presence of RRM 4. In vivo, fusion proteins containing parts of the PABP C terminus fused to the viral coat protein MS2 have an enhanced ability to prevent the expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter mRNAs containing the MS2 binding site at distal distances from the cap. Altogether, our results identify a proline- and glutamine-rich linker located between the RRMs and the PABC domain as being strictly required for PABP/PABP interaction, cooperative binding to poly(A) and enhanced translational repression of reporter mRNAs in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:Identification of a C-terminal poly(A)-binding protein (PABP)-PABP interaction domain: role in cooperative binding to poly (A) and efficient cap distal translational repression. 1295 55

ZO-2 is a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein present at the tight junction (TJ) of epithelial cells. While confluent monolayers have ZO-2 at their cellular borders, sparse cultures conspicuously show ZO-2 at the nuclei. To study the role of nuclear ZO-2, we tested by pull-down assays and gel shift analysis the interaction between ZO-2 GST fusion proteins and different transcription factors. We identified the existence of a specific interaction of ZO-2 with Fos, Jun and C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein). To analyze if this association is present "in vivo", we performed immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization experiments, which revealed an interaction of ZO-2 with Jun, Fos and C/EBP not only at the nucleus but also at the TJ region. To test if the association of ZO-2 with AP-1 (activator protein-1) modulates gene transcription, we performed reporter gene assays employing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs with promoters under the control of AP-1 sites. We observed that the co-transfected ZO-2 down-regulates CAT expression in a dose-dependent manner. Since ZO-2 is a multidomain protein, we proceeded to determine which region of the molecule is responsible for the modulation of gene expression, and observed that both the amino and the carboxyl domains are capable of inhibiting gene transcription.
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PMID:The tight junction protein ZO-2 associates with Jun, Fos and C/EBP transcription factors in epithelial cells. 1472 May 6


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