Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.1.28 (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)
 5,100 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rat microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase (msALDH) has no amino-terminal signal sequence, but instead it has a characteristic hydrophobic domain at the carboxyl terminus (Miyauchi, K., R. Masaki, S. Taketani, A. Yamamoto, A. Akayama, and Y. Tashiro. 1991. J. Biol. Chem. 266:19536-19542). This membrane-bound enzyme is a useful model protein for studying posttranslational localization to its final destination. When expressed from cDNA in COS-1 cells, wild-type msALDH is localized exclusively in the well-developed ER. The removal of the hydrophobic domain results in the cytosolic localization of truncated proteins, thus suggesting that the portion is responsible for membrane anchoring. The last 35 amino acids of msALDH, including the hydrophobic domain, are sufficient for targeting of E. coli beta-galactosidase to the ER membrane. Further studies using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion proteins suggest that two hydrophilic sequences on either side of the hydrophobic domain play an important role in ER targeting.
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PMID:Microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum via its carboxyl-terminal 35 amino acids. 808 74

In isozyme systems in general, the pattern of tissue-dependent expression of a given type of isozyme is uniform in various mammalian species. In contrast, a major cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme, termed ALDH1, which is strongly expressed in the livers of humans and other mammals, is hardly detectable in rat liver. Thirteen nucleotides existing in the 5'-promoter region of human, marmoset, and mouse ALDH1 genes are absent in the four rat strains examined. When the 13 nucleotides were deleted from a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression construct, which contained the 5'-promoter region of the human ALDH1 gene and a low-background promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression vector, the expression activity was severely diminished in human hepatic cells. Thus, deletion of the 13 nucleotides in the promoter region of the gene can account for the lack of ALDH1 expression in rat liver.
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PMID:Molecular mechanism of null expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 in rat liver. 873 11

When rat liver microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase (msALDH) was overexpressed in COS-1 cells by cDNA transfection, large granular structures containing both msALDH and endogenous protein disulfide isomerase appeared (Masaki et al. (1994) J. Cell Biol. 126, 1407-1420). Confocal laser microscopy revealed that these granular structures are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Electron microscopy showed that the structures are composed of regularly arranged crystalloid smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The formation of the crystalloid ER was accompanied by a remarkable proliferation of smooth ER, which appeared occasionally continuous to the rough ER. We suggest that the smooth ER, proliferated from the rough ER, is transformed and assembled into the crystalloid ER by head-to-head association of the msALDH molecules on the apposed smooth ER membranes. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of the crystalloid ER formation, we asked which portions of the msALDH molecules are needed for the crystalloid ER formation by expressing deletion mutants or chimera protein of msALDH in COS-1 cells. The overexpression of msALDH molecules lacking the stem region preceding the membrane spanning region, although they were exclusively localized in the ER, did not induce the formation of crystalloid ER. More detailed analysis showed that the amino acid sequence FFLL, located in the stem region, is necessary to form the crystalloid ER. The chimera protein containing the last 35 amino acids of msALDH at the carboxyl terminus of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was localized to the ER, but did not induce the formation of the crystalloid ER. These results suggest that at least two regions, the bulky amino-terminal region and the FFLL sequence in the stem region of msALDH molecules are required for the formation of the crystalloid ER.
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PMID:Formation of crystalloid endoplasmic reticulum in COS cells upon overexpression of microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase by cDNA transfection. 883 95

We investigated the inhibitory effects of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in regulating class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh3) gene expression using cultures of primary rat hepatocytes and transient transfection experiments with HepG2 cells. In addition to regulation by an Ah receptor-dependent mechanism, expression of many members of the Ah gene battery have been shown to be negatively regulated. As was seen for the cytochrome P450 (cyp1A1) gene, aldh3 is transcriptionally inducible by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and this induction involving function of the arylhydrocarbon (Ah) receptor is inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine di-HCl (H7) and staurosporine. However, PAH induction of ALDH-3 activity, protein, and mRNA was potentiated 2-4-fold by addition of the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, N-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide di-HCl (H8) and N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide HCl (HA1004). These PKA inhibitors had no effect on the PAH induction of the cyp1A1. Protein kinase A activity of cultured hepatocytes was specifically inhibited by H8 and HA1004 in a concentration-dependent manner, but not by H7, and there was an inverse correlation observed between potentiation of PAH-induced aldh3 gene expression and inhibition of specific PKA activity by the PKA inhibitors. The cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, and the protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitor okadaic acid all dramatically inhibited both PAH induction and H8 potentiation of PAH induction of aldh3 expression but had no effect on induction of cyp1A1 expression in cultured hepatocytes. Both basal and PAH-dependent expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression plasmid containing approximately 3.5 kilobase pairs of the 5'-flanking region of aldh3 (pALDH3.5CAT) were enhanced 3-4-fold by the PKA inhibitor H8 but not by the PKC inhibitor H7 (>20 microM). cAMP analogs, activators of PKA activity, or protein phosphatase inhibitors diminished expression of the reporter gene in a manner identical to the native gene in cultured rat hepatocytes. Using deletion analysis of the pALDH3.5CAT construct, we demonstrated the existence of a negative regulatory region in the 5'-flanking region between -1057 and -991 base pairs which appears to be responsible for the cAMP-dependent regulation of this gene under both basal and PAH-induced conditions. At least two apparently independent mechanisms which involve protein phosphorylation regulate aldh3 expression. One involves function of the Ah receptor which requires PKC protein phosphorylation to positively regulate both aldh3 and cyp1A1 gene expression and the other a cAMP-responsive process which allows PKA activity to negatively regulate expression of aldh3 under either basal or inducible conditions.
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PMID:cAMP-dependent negative regulation of rat aldehyde dehydrogenase class 3 gene expression. 901 60

In the present study, we analysed the expression of monooxygenase activities and mRNAs associated with cytochrome P-450 (CYP), including CYP1A1/2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2C6, CYP2E1, CYP3A1/2, glutathione transferase alpha (GST alpha), aldehyde dehydrogenase and epoxide hydrolase in co-cultures of primary rat hepatocytes and rat liver epithelial cells. We observed that pentoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity was well maintained and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity gradually decreased during co-culture time. In addition, we showed that phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatments resulted in a significant increase of these activities. Two general patterns of accumulation of liver-specific mRNAs were observed. CYP1A1/2, CYP2B1/2, CYP3A1/2, GST alpha, aldehyde dehydrogenase and epoxide hydrolase mRNAs were maintained at a stable level, whereas CYP2C6 and CYP2E1 mRNAs showed a continuous decline. In addition, we observed a strong increase of CYP1A1/2 (13.6-fold) and GST alpha (3.9-fold) mRNA expression in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated co-cultures and induction of CYP2B1/2 (19-fold), CYP2C6 (10-fold), CYP3A1/2 (11.2-fold), GST alpha (9-fold), aldehyde dehydrogenase (6-fold) and epoxide hydrolase (5-fold) mRNA expression in phenobarbital-treated co-cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrated that liver-specific gene expression was restricted to hepatocytes, with the notable exception of epoxide hydrolase and CYP2E1 which were expressed in both cell types during the co-culture, as shown by the selective recovery of both hepatocytes and rat liver epithelial cells. Finally, to investigate whether co-cultures could be used to study the molecular mechanisms regulating CYP transcription, we performed transfection of hepatocytes, before the establishment of the co-culture, with large CYP2B1 (3.9 kb) or CYP2B2 (4.5 kb) promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs or with a construct containing a 163-bp DNA sequence element reported to confer phenobarbital responsiveness. A 2-3-fold increase over the basal level of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was observed in phenobarbital-treated co-cultures transfected with the phenobarbital-responsive element construct, although phenobarbital had no effect on large CYP2B1 or CYP2B2 promoter fragments. Our results demonstrate that the co-culture system provides a good tool for studying drug metabolism, and shows promise as a new tool for analysing transcriptional regulation under the influence of xenobiotics within primary hepatocytes.
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PMID:Regulation of the major detoxication functions by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene in co-cultures of rat hepatocytes and liver epithelial cells. 906 51