Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.3.1.28 (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)
 5,100 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has a major role in the coordination of the hepatic acute phase response. In order to more fully understand this role, we have examined the interleukin-6 induction of T kininogen, a cysteine protease inhibitor and a major acute phase reactant in the rat. Using deletional analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of T kininogen-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion constructs transfected into HepG2 hepatoma cells, we have identified two similar interleukin-6 response elements within 250 base pairs of the transcription start site. These two response elements are functionally interdependent. The sequences of these two elements match the consensus sequence for the previously described Type B interleukin-6 response element. Interleukin-6 signal transduction via two Type B elements has not been observed previously in vivo. A DNA fragment encompassing these response elements forms the same protein complex with nuclear extracts from both untreated and interleukin-6-treated cells.
 ...
PMID:Identification of sequences mediating interleukin-6 induction of a rat T kininogen gene. 165 51

Rat T-kininogen (T-KG), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is an acute phase reactant which is induced to high levels in response to inflammation. Both hormones and cytokines participate in this regulation. To investigate the cis-acting elements responsible for the induction of gene expression, various 5'-fragments of the rat T-KG gene were fused to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase marker gene. These constructs were transfected into a rat hepatoma cell line which was then treated with tumor necrosis factor or interleukin-6 or both cytokines. Expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was induced with interleukin-6 treatment, but suppressed by tumor necrosis factor. The 5'-region of the T-KG gene responsible for conferring both of these effects was localized between nucleotides -404 to -210 upstream of the transcription start site. Fragments containing this region were found to be effective in either orientation, and could also regulate a heterologous promoter.
 ...
PMID:Differential regulation of rat T-kininogen by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. 170

The Cres (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) gene encodes the defining member of a new subgroup within the family 2 cystatins of cysteine protease inhibitors. Cres expression is highly tissue- and cell-specific, with messenger RNA (mRNA) present in the testicular round/elongating spermatids, proximal caput epididymal epithelium, gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland, and corpus luteum of the ovary. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the tissue- and cell-specific expression of the Cres gene, transgenic mice were generated containing 1.6 kilobases (kb) of the mouse Cres promoter linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. A CAT enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected CAT protein in the testis, epididymis, isolated cauda epididymal spermatozoa, and anterior pituitary gland from mice heterozygous and homozygous for the transgene. However, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR did not detect CAT mRNA in any regions of the epididymis, suggesting that the CAT protein detected in the epididymis was from spermatozoa. RT-PCR also did not detect CAT mRNA in the ovary. RT-PCR analysis of the testes from mice of different postnatal ages showed CAT mRNA first detected at day 22, which correlated with the first appearance of Cres mRNA and with the presence of round spermatids. These studies demonstrate that 1.6 kb of Cres promoter contains the DNA elements necessary for germ cell and pituitary gland-specific expression but lacks critical sequences necessary for expression in the epididymis and ovary.
 ...
PMID:Recapitulation of germ cell- and pituitary-specific expression with 1.6 kb of the cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic (Cres) gene promoter in transgenic mice. 1571 31

When challenged by the dietary soybean cysteine protease inhibitor scN, the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) adapts to the inhibitory effects by readjusting the transcriptome of its digestive system, including the specific activation of a cathepsin B-like cysteine protease CmCatB. To understand the transcriptional regulation of CmCatB, we cloned a portion of its promoter and demonstrated its activity in Drosophila cells using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter system. EMSAs detected differential DNA-binding activity between nuclear extracts of scN-adapted and -unadapted midguts. Two tandem chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter (COUP) elements were identified in the CmCatB promoter that specifically interacted with a protein factor unique to nuclear extracts of unadapted insect guts, where CmCatB expression was repressed. Seven-up (Svp) is a COUP-TF-related transcription factor that interacted with the COUP responsive element. Polyclonal anti-(mosquito Svp) serum abolished the specific DNA-binding activity in cowpea bruchid midgut extracts, suggesting that the protein factor is an Svp homolog. Subsequent cloning of a cowpea bruchid Svp (CmSvp) indicated that it shares a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity with COUP-TF/Svp orphan nuclear receptor family members from varied species. The protein was more abundant in scN-unadapted insect guts than scN-adapted guts, consistent with the observed DNA-binding activity. Furthermore, CmCatB expression was repressed when CmSvp was transiently expressed in Drosophila cells, most likely through COUP binding. These findings indicate that CmSvp may contribute to insect counter-defense, in part by inhibiting CmCatB expression under normal growth conditions, but releasing the inhibition when insects are challenged by dietary protease inhibitors.
 ...
PMID:Seven-up facilitates insect counter-defense by suppressing cathepsin B expression. 1745 3