Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.1.28 (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)
 5,100 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The IRES from poliovirus and from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) added between the cap and the AUG initiator codon were strong inhibitors of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression in three different cell types. The poliovirus IRES also inhibited bGH (bovine growth hormone) cDNA expression in the HC11 mammary cell line when added between the rabbit whey acidic gene promoter and the cDNA whereas the HTLV-1 IRES showed a stimulatory effect in the same situation. RNA stem loops were added before HTLV-1 (SUR) and the BiP (Immunoglobulin heavy-chain Binding Protein) IRESs followed by the firefly luciferase gene under the control of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. The RNA loops abolished the expression of the reporter gene almost completely. These data suggest that the different IRESs may favour or inhibit translation of monocistronic mRNA.
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PMID:The efficiency of different IRESs (internal ribosomes entry site) in monocistronic mRNAS. 1093 22

Specific structures found in the mRNA of picornavirus are known to allow a cap-independent translation. These structures, named internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), are also able to favor translation of the second cistron in bicistronic mRNAs. Their mechanism of action is not well understood. In the present study, two IRESs have been used: the IRES from poliovirus and a newly discovered IRES (SUR) composed of the 5' P untranslated sequence from SV40 early genes, the R structure, and a small part of the U5 region from the human leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1). The bicistronic constructs containing the firefly luciferase gene as the first cistron and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) as the second cistron were driven by the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter and contained the early gene SV40 terminator. All the resulting plasmids were tested by transfection in HeLa and CHO cells. In the bicistronic mRNAs without IRES, the expression of the CAT gene was dependent on the distance between the two cistrons. The maximum efficiency in the expression of the second cistron was obtained when the intercalating RNA was composed of 30 to 90 nucleotides. This expression was deeply reduced when the intercalating fragment contained 8 or 300 nucleotides and was undetectable with 500 nucleotides. Unexpectedly, the luciferase mRNA was almost not expressed when the intercalating RNA was of 8 or 30 nucleotides. Expression of the luciferase gene occurred when the intercistronic RNA fragment was of 80 nucleotides and it became lower at 300 and 500 nucleotides. The same observations were done when the poliovirus or the SUR IRESs were added after the intercistronic spacers. However, expression of the CAT gene was amplified by both IRESs. When the CAT cistron preceded by the poliovirus or SUR IRES was introduced within luciferase cistron, 316 nucleotides before its termination codon, the IRESs were able to initiate translation of the following CAT gene irrespectively of the mRNA luciferase reading frame. Moreover, with all these constructs the highest expression level of the CAT cistron did not exceed 10% of that obtained with the same vector carrying only the CAT cistron. To identify a possible relation between the IRESs and the cap site, the CAT cistron preceded or not with an IRES was introduced 210 nucleotides downstream of the AUG codon of the luciferase gene (i.e., 258 nucleotides from the cap site) and 100 nucleotides after an added UAG termination codon. Expression of the CAT gene was not modified by the addition of the poliovirus IRES but it was strongly stimulated by the SUR IRES (the level of expression corresponded to 65% of that obtained with the same vector carrying only the CAT cistron). These results suggest that there is a cooperation between the cap and the SUR IRES and not the poliovirus IRES to stimulate translation. These data indicate that IRESs must be introduced in precise position to allow an efficient expression of the second cistron in bicistronic mRNAs.
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PMID:Effect of intercistronic length on internal ribosome entry site (IRES) efficiency in bicistronic mRNA. 1094 79

The increased risk for cancers of the oral cavity from smokeless tobacco use may reflect the interaction of tobacco with genetic factors, such as oncogenes, and other exogenous factors, such as viruses. An in vitro system was developed based on expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene to study interactions of chemical treatments with viral enhancer/promoters in early passage cell cultures of oral cavity-derived epithelial cells. Expression of CAT in transfected cells was significantly greater with CAT under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer/promoter (pCEP4/CAT) compared to the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat enhancer/promoter (pRSV-cat) and the simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter (pSV2-cat). No CAT expression was detected using corresponding control plasmids without the CAT reporter gene. Using this system, smokeless tobacco extracts prepared from either dry snuff or moist snuff delayed maximum CAT expression from Day 4 to Day 5, with sustained, significantly increased CAT expression at 12 days compared to the declining CAT expression observed in untreated control cells. Smokeless tobacco extracts can modulate intracellular gene expression. This system provides an in vitro model to test specificity of toxic agents on enhancer/promoter activity and the interaction on exogenous gene expression.
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PMID:Smokeless tobacco extracts modulate exogenous gene expression in early passage cultured human oral epithelial cells: an in vitro system to study chemical and viral enhancer/promoter interaction. 1139 31


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