Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.3.1.21 (CPT)
 4,580 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To explore the gene regulatory mechanisms involved in the metabolic control of cardiac fatty acid oxidative flux, the expression of muscle-type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (M-CPT I) was characterized in primary cardiac myocytes in culture following exposure to the long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acid, oleate. Oleate induced steady-state levels of M-CPT I mRNA 4.5-fold. The transcription of a plasmid construct containing the human M-CPT I gene promoter region fused to a luciferase gene reporter transfected into cardiac myocytes, was induced over 20-fold by long-chain fatty acid in a concentration-dependent and fatty acyl-chain length-specific manner. The M-CPT I gene promoter fatty acid response element (FARE-1) was localized to a hexameric repeat sequence located between 775 and 763 base pairs upstream of the initiator codon. Cotransfection experiments with expression vectors for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) demonstrated that FARE-1 is a PPARalpha response element capable of conferring oleate-mediated transcriptional activation to homologous or heterologous promoters. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that PPARalpha bound FARE-1 with the retinoid X receptor alpha. The expression of M-CPT I in hearts of mice null for PPARalpha was approximately 50% lower than levels in wild-type controls. Moreover, a PPARalpha activator did not induce cardiac expression of the M-CPT I gene in the PPARalpha null mice. These results demonstrate that long-chain fatty acids regulate the transcription of a gene encoding a pivotal enzyme in the mitochondrial fatty acid uptake pathway in cardiac myocytes and define a role for PPARalpha in the control of myocardial lipid metabolism.
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PMID:Fatty acids activate transcription of the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene in cardiac myocytes via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. 972 88

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) catalyzes the rate-determining step in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. CPT-I has two structural genes (alpha and beta) that are differentially expressed among tissues. Our CPT-Ibeta isolates from a human cardiac cDNA library contained two different extreme 5'-sequences derived from short alternative first untranslated exons that utilize a common splice acceptor site in exon 2. Primer extension identified single dominant start sites for each transcript, and ribonuclease protection assays showed the presence of one 5'-exon in liver, muscle, and heart mRNAs, indicating that the cognate promoter U (upstream/ubiquitous) is active in each of these tissues. By contrast, mRNAs containing the alternative 5'-exon were present only in muscle and heart, indicating a muscle-specific promoter M (muscle). CPT-Ibeta mRNA levels increased markedly in tissues of fasted rats, when circulating free fatty acid concentrations are elevated. Using CPT-Ibeta promoter/reporter transient transfection of murine C2C12 myotubes and HepG2 hepatocytes, fatty acids were found to increase promoter activity in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)-dependent fashion. A promoter fatty acid response element (FARE) was mapped, mutation of which ablated fatty acid-mediated production of both transcripts. PPARalpha/retinoid X receptor alpha formed specific complexes with oligonucleotides containing the FARE, and anti-PPARalpha antibody shifted nuclear protein-DNA complexes, confirming the role of this factor in regulating the expression of this critical metabolic enzyme gene. The constitutive repressor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor competitively binds at the FARE and modulates fatty acid induction of the promoters.
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PMID:Co-regulation of tissue-specific alternative human carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ibeta gene promoters by fatty acid enzyme substrate. 983 40

During the acute phase response, cytokines induce marked alterations in lipid metabolism including an increase in serum triglyceride levels and a decrease in hepatic fatty acid oxidation, in bile acid synthesis, and in high-density lipoprotein levels. Here we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1), but not IL-6, decrease the expression of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), PPARgamma, liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha), and coactivators PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha), PGC-1beta, and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) in Hep3B human hepatoma cells. In addition, treatment of mice with TNF and IL-1 also decreased RXRalpha, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, LXRalpha, and PGC-1alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the liver. These decreases were accompanied by reduced binding of nuclear extracts to RXR, PPAR, and LXR response elements and decreased luciferase activity driven by PPAR and LXR response elements. In addition, the mRNA levels of proteins regulated by PPARalpha (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1alpha) and LXR (sterol regulatory element binding protein) were decreased in Hep3B cells treated with TNF or IL-1. Finally, using constructs of the LXRalpha promoter or the PGC-1alpha promoter linked to luciferase, we were able to demonstrate that a decrease in transcription contributes to the reduction in mRNA levels of nuclear hormone receptors and coactivators. Thus, our results suggest that decreased expression of nuclear hormone receptors RXRalpha, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and LXRalpha, as well as coactivators PGC-1alpha, PGC-1beta, and SRC-1 may contribute to the cytokine-induced alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism during the acute phase response.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 decrease RXRalpha, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, LXRalpha, and the coactivators SRC-1, PGC-1alpha, and PGC-1beta in liver cells. 1722 43

Adipose tissue deposited within muscle fibers, known as intramuscular fat (IMF or marbling), is a major determinant of meat quality and thereby affects its economic value. The biological mechanisms that determine IMF content are therefore of interest. In this study, 48 genes involved in the bovine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, which is involved in lipid metabolism, were investigated to identify candidate genes associated with IMF in the longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Ten genes, retinoid X receptor alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), phospholipid transfer protein, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase long chain (ACADL), acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 2 branched chain, and fatty acid binding protein 4, showed significant effects with regard to IMF and were differentially expressed between the low- and high-marbled groups (p<0.05). Analysis of the gene co-expression network based on Pearson's correlation coefficients identified 10 up-regulated genes in the high-marbled group that formed a major cluster. Among these genes, the PPARG-FABP4 gene pair exhibited the strongest correlation in the network. Glycerol kinase was found to play a role in mediating activation of the differentially expressed genes. We categorized the 10 significantly differentially expressed genes into the corresponding downstream pathways and investigated the direct interactive relationships among these genes. We suggest that fatty acid oxidation is the major downstream pathway affecting IMF content. The PPARG/RXRA complex triggers activation of target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation resulting in increased triglyceride formation by ATP production. Our findings highlight candidate genes associated with the IMF content of the loin muscle of Korean cattle and provide insight into the biological mechanisms that determine adipose deposition within muscle.
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PMID:Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) Signaling in the Longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo (Korean Cattle). 2610 14