Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.1.184 (LasR)
 897 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The EcoK restriction of nonmodified phage lambda.0 controlled by Escherichia coli K12 lon- cells is alleviated 10-20-fold in the presence of a hybrid plasmid containing the entire lux regulon of Vibrio fischeri. The La protease participates in degradation of the regulatory LuxR-LuxI proteins; therefore, transcription of the right lux operon begins significantly earlier than in the lon+ bacteria and is characterized by high content of the N-(3-oxohexanoyl) homoserine lactone autoinducer in medium. The effect of lux-induced alleviation of type I restriction in the lon mutants of E.coli K12 is proposed to depend on the reduction at the intracellular level of S-adenosylmethionine, one of the LuxI synthase substrates responsible for autoinducer synthesis.
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PMID:[Lux-regulon from Vibrio fisheri reduces type 1 restriction in Escherichia coli K12 cells]. 896 86

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, expression of the lasB gene which codes for the metalloprotease, elastase, depends on small diffusible N-acylhomoserine lactones. lasB expression is regulated through the interactions of N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone and N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone with the transcriptional activators LasR and VsmR(RhlR), respectively. To investigate lasB expression further, we first located the transcriptional start site to a position 141 bp upstream from the translational start site. Using this information, we constructed a series of plasmids containing consecutive 5' deletions of the upstream region of lasB fused to a promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. The results obtained indicate that three regions are required for efficient transcription of lasB; a 35 bp palindromic sequence located at +26 to +60 bp upstream from the translation start site, and two regions located upstream of the transcription start site, at -135 to -85 bp and -63 to -26 bp, respectively. Deletion of the latter region results in the loss of both N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone- and N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone-mediated stimulation of lasB expression and provides further support for the role of this operator site as a target for either or both LasR and VsmR.
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PMID:Dissection of the promoter/operator region and evaluation of N-acylhomoserine lactone mediated transcriptional regulation of elastase expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 901 Oct 52

Certain gram-negative pathogens are known to control virulence gene expression through cell-cell communication via small diffusible signal molecules termed autoinducers. This intercellular signal transduction mechanism termed quorum sensing depends on the interaction of an N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) auto-inducer molecule with a receptor protein belonging to the LuxR family of positive transcriptional activators. Vibrio anguillarum is a gram-negative pathogen capable of causing a terminal hemorrhagic septicemia known as vibriosis in fish such as rainbow trout. In this study, we sought to determine whether V. anguillarum employs AHLs to regulate virulence gene expression. Spent V. anguillarum culture supernatants stimulated bioluminescence in a recombinant lux-based Escherichia coli AHL biosensor strain, whereas they both stimulated and inhibited AHL-mediated violacein pigment production in Chromobacterium violaceum. This finding suggested that V. anguillarum may produce multiple AHL signal molecules. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, we identified the major V. anguillarum AHL as N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (ODHL), a structure which was unequivocally confirmed by chemical synthesis. The gene (vanI) responsible for ODHL synthesis was cloned and sequenced and shown to belong to the LuxI family of putative AHL synthases. Further sequencing downstream of vanI revealed a second gene (vanR) related to the LuxR family of transcriptional activators. Although deletion of vanI abolished ODHL synthesis, no reduction of either metalloprotease production or virulence in a fish infection model was observed. However, the vanI mutant remained capable of weakly activating both bioluminescence and violacein in the E. coli and C. violaceum biosensors, respectively, indicating the existence of additional layers of AHL-mediated regulatory complexity.
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PMID:Quorum sensing in Vibrio anguillarum: characterization of the vanI/vanR locus and identification of the autoinducer N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. 913 20

The global activator GacA, a highly conserved response regulator in Gram-negative bacteria, is required for the production of exoenzymes and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas spp. The gacA gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was isolated and its role in cell-density-dependent gene expression was characterized. Mutational inactivation of gacA resulted in delayed and reduced formation of the cell-density signal N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL), of the cognate transcriptional activator RhIR (VsmR), and of the transcriptional activator LasR, which is known to positively regulate RhIR expression. Amplification of gacA on a multicopy plasmid caused precocious and enhanced production of BHL, RhIR and LasR. In parallel, the gacA gene dosage markedly influenced the BHL/RhIR-dependent formation of the cytotoxic compounds pyocyanin and cyanide and the exoenzyme lipase. However, the concentrations of another known cell-density signal of P. aeruginosa, N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, did not always match BHL concentrations. A model accounting for these observations places GacA function upstream of LasR and RhIR in the complex, cell-density-dependent signal-transduction pathway regulating several exoproducts and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa via BHL.
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PMID:The global activator GacA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO positively controls the production of the autoinducer N-butyryl-homoserine lactone and the formation of the virulence factors pyocyanin, cyanide, and lipase. 915 18

Synthesis of the Vibrio fischeri autoinducer, a signal involved in the cell density-dependent activation of bioluminescence, is directed by the luxI gene product. The LuxI protein catalyzes the synthesis of N-acyl-homoserine lactones from S-adenosylmethionine and acylated-acyl carrier protein. We have gained an appreciation of the LuxI regions and amino acid residues involved in autoinducer synthesis by isolating and analyzing mutations generated by random and site-specific mutagenesis of luxI. By random mutagenesis we isolated 13 different single amino acid substitutions in the LuxI polypeptide. Eleven of these substitutions resulted in no detectable autoinducer synthase activity, while the remaining two amino acid substitutions resulted in reduced but detectable activity. The substitutions that resulted in no detectable autoinducer synthase activity mapped to two small regions of LuxI. In Escherichia coli, wild-type luxI showed dominance over all of the mutations. Because autoinducer synthesis has been proposed to involve formation of a covalent bond between an acyl group and an active-site cysteine, we constructed site-directed mutations that altered each of the three cysteine residues in LuxI. All of the cysteine mutants retained substantial activity as an autoinducer synthase in E. coli. Based on the analysis of random mutations we propose a model in which there are two critical regions of LuxI, at least one of which is an intimate part of an active site, and based on the analysis of site-directed mutations we conclude that an active-site cysteine is not essential for autoinducer synthase activity.
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PMID:Mutational analysis of the Vibrio fischeri LuxI polypeptide: critical regions of an autoinducer synthase. 924 78

Spent culture supernatants from both Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida activate a range of biosensors responsive to N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). The genes for a quorum sensing signal generator and a response regulator were cloned from each Aeromonas species and termed ahyRI and asaRI, respectively. Protein sequence homology analysis places the gene products within the growing family of LuxRI homologs. ahyR and asaR are transcribed divergently from ahyI and asaI, respectively, and in both Aeromonas species, the genes downstream have been identified by DNA sequence and PCR analysis. Downstream of both ahyI and asaI is a gene with close homology to iciA, an inhibitor of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli, a finding which implies that in Aeromonas, cell division may be linked to quorum sensing. The major signal molecule synthesized via both AhyI and AsaI was purified from spent culture supernatants and identified as N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (BHL) by thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, and mass spectrometry. In addition, a second, minor AHL, N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, was identified. Transcriptional reporter studies with ahyI::luxCDABE fusions indicate that AhyR and BHL are both required for ahyI transcription. For A. salmonicida, although the addition of exogenous BHL gives only a small stimulation of the production of serine protease with comparison to the control culture, the incorporation of a longer-chain AHL, N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, reduced the final level (by approximately 50%) and delayed the appearance (from an A650 of 0.9 in the control to an A650 of 1.2 in the test) of protease in the culture supernatant. These data add A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida to the growing family of gram-negative bacteria now known to control gene expression through quorum sensing.
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PMID:Quorum sensing in Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida: identification of the LuxRI homologs AhyRI and AsaRI and their cognate N-acylhomoserine lactone signal molecules. 928 76

Two quorum-sensing systems (las and rhl) regulate virulence gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The las system consists of a transcriptional activator, LasR, and LasI, which directs the synthesis of the autoinducer N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone (PAI-1). Induction of lasB (encoding elastase) and other virulence genes requires LasR and PAI-1. The rhl system consists of a putative transcriptional activator, RhlR, and RhlI, which directs the synthesis of N-butyryl homoserine lactone (PAI-2). Rhamnolipid production in P. aeruginosa has been reported to require both the rhl system and rhlAB (encoding a rhamnosyltransferase). Here we report the generation of a delta lasI mutant and both delta lasI delta rhlI and delta lasR rhlR::Tn501 double mutants of strain PAO1. Rhamnolipid production and elastolysis were reduced in the delta lasI single mutant and abolished in the double-mutant strains. rhlAB mRNA was not detected in these strains at mid-logarithmic phase but was abundant in the parental strain. Further RNA analysis of the wild-type strain revealed that rhlAB is organized as an operon. The rhlAB transcriptional start was mapped, and putative sigma 54 and sigma 70 promoters were identified upstream. To define components required for rhlAB expression, we developed a bioassay in Escherichia coli and demonstrated that PAI-2 and RhlR are required and sufficient for expression of rhlA. To characterize the putative interaction between PAI-2 and RhlR, we demonstrated that [3H]PAI-2 binds to E. coli cells expressing RhlR and not to those expressing LasR. Finally, the specificity of the las and rhl systems was examined in E. coli bioassays. The las system was capable of mildly activating rhlA, and similarly, the rhl system partly activated lasB. However; these effects were much less than the activation of rhlA by the rhl system and lasB by the las system. The results presented here further characterize the roles of the rhl and las quorum-sensing systems in virulence gene expression.
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PMID:Roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of elastase and rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes. 929 32

Bacteria employ autoinduction systems to sense the onset of appropriate cell density for expression of developmental genes. In many gram-negative bacteria, autoinduction involves the production of and response to diffusible acylated-homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) and is mediated by members of the LuxR and LuxI families. Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum, a phytopathogenic bacterium that appears to autoregulate its virulence genes, produces compounds that promote expression of several heterologous acyl-HSL-responsive reporter gene constructs. High-pressure liquid chromatography of highly concentrated ethyl acetate extracts revealed that culture supernatants of strain AW1 contained two compounds with retention times similar to N-hexanoyl- and N-octanoyl-HSL. To investigate the role of these acyl-HSLs in R. solanacearum virulence gene expression, transposon mutants that were deficient for inducing an acyl-HSL-responsive reporter in Agrobacterium tumefaciens were generated. Three loci involved in normal acyl-HSL production were identified, one of which was shown to contain the divergently transcribed solR and solI genes, the luxR and luxI homologs, respectively. A 4.1-kb fragment containing solR and solI enabled all of the mutants (regardless of the locus inactivated) and a naturally acyl-HSL-defective strain of R. solanacearum to produce acyl-HSLs. Inactivation of solI abolished production of all detectable acyl-HSLs but affected neither the expression of virulence genes in culture nor the ability to wilt tomato plants. AW1 has a functional autoinduction system, because (i) expression of solI required SolR and acyl-HSL and (ii) expression of a gene linked to solR and solI, designated aidA, was acyl-HSL dependent. Because AidA has no homologs in the protein databases, its discovery provided no clues as to the role of acyl-HSLs in R. solanacearum gene regulation. However, expression of solR and solI required the global LysR-type virulence regulator PhcA, and both solR and solI exhibited a cell density-associated pattern of expression similar to other PhcA-regulated genes. The acyl-HSL-dependent autoinduction system in R. solanacearum is part of a more complex autoregulatory hierarchy, since the transcriptional activity of PhcA is itself controlled by a novel autoregulatory system that responds to 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester.
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PMID:Hierarchical autoinduction in Ralstonia solanacearum: control of acyl-homoserine lactone production by a novel autoregulatory system responsive to 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester. 937 57

Autoinduction plays an important role in intercellular communication among symbiotic and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. We report here that a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium etli CNPAF512, produces at least seven different autoinducer molecules. One of them exhibits a growth-inhibitory effect like that of the bacteriocin small [N-(3R-hydroxy-7-cis-tetradecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone]. At least two of the other autoinducers are synthesized by a LuxI-homologous autoinducer synthase. The corresponding luxI homologous gene (raiI) and a luxR homolog (raiR) have been identified and characterized. Enhanced expression of raiI is dependent on cell density and on the presence of one or more autoinducer molecules synthesized by R. etli CNPAF512. A raiI mutant was shown to release only three different autoinducer molecules; a raiR mutant releases four different autoinducer molecules. Examination of different mutants for nodulation of beans showed that raiI is involved in the restriction of nodule number, whereas nitrogen-fixing activity in terms of acetylene reduction per nodule was not affected.
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PMID:luxI- and luxR-homologous genes of Rhizobium etli CNPAF512 contribute to synthesis of autoinducer molecules and nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris. 947 34

Many gram-negative bacteria synthesize N-acyl homoserine lactone autoinducer molecules as quorum-sensing signals which act as cell density-dependent regulators of gene expression. We have investigated the in vivo source of the acyl chain and homoserine lactone components of the autoinducer synthesized by the LuxI homolog, TraI. In Escherichia coli, synthesis of N-(3-oxooctanoyl)homoserine lactone by TraI was unaffected in a fadD mutant blocked in beta-oxidative fatty acid degradation. Also, conditions known to induce the fad regulon did not increase autoinducer synthesis. In contrast, cerulenin and diazoborine, specific inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis, both blocked autoinducer synthesis even in a strain dependent on beta-oxidative fatty acid degradation for growth. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the acyl chains in autoinducers synthesized by LuxI-family synthases are derived from acyl-acyl carrier protein substrates rather than acyl coenzyme A substrates. Also, we show that decreased levels of intracellular S-adenosylmethionine caused by expression of bacteriophage T3 S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase result in a marked reduction in autoinducer synthesis, thus providing direct in vivo evidence that the homoserine lactone ring of LuxI-family autoinducers is derived from S-adenosylmethionine.
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PMID:In vivo evidence that S-adenosylmethionine and fatty acid synthesis intermediates are the substrates for the LuxI family of autoinducer synthases. 957 48


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