Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.1.109 (AST)
 6,066 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of clinical (biliary pain and/or jaundice), laboratory (discriminant function (DF) calculated using AST, ALT, AlkPh and GGT serum values) and ultrasonographic (US)(dilation and/or stone of common bile duct (CBD)) findings in identification of the biliary etiology of acute pancreatitis (AP) was studied in 60 patients. AP biliary etiology was defined by ERCP executed in the early phase of the disease (lithiasis and/or stenosis of CBD; endoscopic features of forced papilla in patients with gallstone). US showed the best values of sensitivity (84.6%) and diagnostic efficacy (76.7%); DF showed the best results of specificity (62.5%) and of test positive predictive value (92.8%). The statistical evaluation (McNemar test) showed a significant increase of sensitivity for US vs clinical findings and of specificity for DS vs clinical findings (p less than 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, test negative and positive predictive value were improved to 96.1, 87.5, 96.6, 77.1 and 92% by the combination of US and DF. Therefore the association of US and DF can provide the best non invasive method in rapidly detecting CBD pathology as an etiological factor in AP and then the enough accurate indication to early operative ERCP.
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PMID:[The role of clinical, biochemical and echographic data in identifying the biliary pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis]. 162 15

Experiments with 3 doses of medetomidine (20, 40 and 80 micrograms/kg, iv. and im., respectively) were carried out on 90 dogs of 16 breeds in the Small Animal Surgery of the University of Veterinary Science, Budapest. Changes in hematology as well as in AST, AP, BUN, creatinine were studied. Medetomidine administered iv deepened the sedation and lengthened tranquillization dose-dependently. After im administration the sedative effect was still dose-dependent, but the duration of its clinical effectiveness could not be lengthened significantly. The development of the sedation could however, be quickened. The iv administration increased the level of analgesia in proportion to dosage; the im application could change the level of pain-killing effect of the drug, but could not lengthen it. According to the laboratorical determinations, regardless of the dosage and the route of application, medetomidine did not affect the AST and AP enzyme activities, or the BUN and creatinine values.
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PMID:Clinical investigations of medetomidine in dogs. 257 Dec 68

Experimental and clinical experience with compounds containing antimony have shown that the trivalent compounds are generally more toxic than the pentavalent ones. APT can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis and is therefore not given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. APT has the actions and uses of AST, but it is less soluble and more irritating than the sodium salt which is therefore more suitable for intravenous use. Trivalent antimony compounds are toxic when used topically. Adverse effects are similar for all trivalent compounds, and include nausea, vomiting, weakness and myalgia, abdominal colic, diarrhoea, and skin rashes, including pustular eruptions. Hypersensitivity reactions also occur. Respiratory symptoms include cough, dyspnoea, and chronic lung changes. Cardiotoxicity is the most important and may produce arrhythmias, myocardial depression and damage, Stokes-Adams attacks, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Hepatic damage and necrosis, as well as blood dyscrasias, may occur. Toxic effects on the kidney may follow chronic use. Continuous treatment with small doses of antimony may give rise to symptoms of subacute poisoning, similar to those of chronic arsenic poisoning, due to accumulation of antimony in the body, especially if trivalent compounds are used, because of their long biological half-lives. Reproductive disorders and chromosome damage have been reported; antimony compounds are, therefore, potentially toxic to reproduction and have mutagenic, and oncogenic potential. Antimony compounds should, therefore, not be used during pregnancy or in the presence of hepatic, renal, or heart disease. Pentavalent antimony preparations especially the organic compounds, together with non-metallic synthetic preparations, such as the diamidines, have now replaced APT for use in leishmaniasis. Because of the toxicity of antimony compounds, investigations have been undertaken to reduce their adverse effects by combining them with chelating agents. These preparations appear to have reduced the toxic effects of antimony without affecting the efficacy of the preparations. Liposome-encapsulated antimony products have, more recently, been shown to be much less toxic because of the reduced dose of the antimony compound required for effective therapy. The historical uses of antimony were based on the belief that the topical and systemic adverse effects, for example, skin eruptions and diarrhoea and vomiting, were signs that the condition being treated was responding by being brought to the surface to relieve congestion at the diseased area. There is no evidence in topical use, but there is evidence that such use can cause severe reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Toxicity of antimony and its compounds. 330 36

The therapeutic effect of most immunosuppressive agents is unspecific and therefore often limited by an increased risk of infection by viral, bacterial or fungal organisms as well as by an increased incidence of malignant neoplasms. This short review includes the most commonly used immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine. The most common risks of long-term corticosteroid treatment are Cushing-like changes, decreased glucose tolerance and the usually benign steroid diabetes. Also clinically important is osteoporosis, since it can be prevented by physical training, calcium supplementation and treatment with vitamin D if necessary. Although there is still no proof of a significantly increased risk of peptic ulcer during steroid therapy, patients may develop gastrointestinal hemorrhage and even perforation without producing pain while being treated with corticosteroids. Mineralocorticoid effects, such as salt and water retention, are seen only with hydrocortisone and prednisone, whereas with synthetic steroids such as dexamethasone, sodium retention is absent despite their strong antiphlogistic activity. The most important side effect of the cytotoxic agents azathioprine, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide is marrow suppression. Due to the high turnover of neutrophils, patients most frequently suffer neutropenia rather than thrombocytopenia or anemia. Neutropenia, as well as impaired humoral and cellular immune mechanisms, are responsible for increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral or parasitic diseases during immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatotoxicity has been reported among patients receiving azathioprine (cholestatic hepatitis) and methotrexate (elevated AST levels and, rarely, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis). Cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis in a substantial proportion of patients, as well as an increased incidence of urothelial neoplasms. Both these side effects may be prevented by Mesna. The most important side effects of cyclosporine are acute and chronic nephrotoxicity usually associated with significantly elevated plasma levels of the drug. It must be borne in mind that severe nephrotoxicity may occur in patients receiving cyclosporine and ketoconazole together, since the latter may inappropriately increase the plasma cyclosporine level.
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PMID:[Immunosuppression--a tightrope walk between iatrogenic harm and therapy]. 892 65

After intracranial tumour surgery edema, ischaemic and haemorrhagic changes are developing in the brain. It causes leakage of certain intracellular components and enzymes into extracellular and cerebrospinal fluid. This study includes 46 patients operated on for cerebral tumours. Lumbar CSF was obtained in postoperative course and the activity of AST, ALT, LDH, alpha HBDH, CK, gamma GT and oxygen concentration were estimated. In the control group were 10 patients suffering from sciatic pain and CSF was obtained during radiculography. For diagnostic and prognostic purposes of biochemical markers statistical analyse methods were employed and comparisons with clinical factors were carried out. In conclusions we suggest that enzymes AST, alpha HBDH, CK and oxygen content give valuable additional information of postoperative brain damage.
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PMID:[Enzymatic activity in cerebrospinal fluid in the monitoring of the brain lesions following intracranial tumors]. 976 May 54

The HELLP syndrome is a serious complication of pregnancy, found most frequently in conjunction with severe preeclampsia. The incidence of this disease in preeclampsia is between 2 and 12%. The diagnosis is based on typical laboratory findings, i.e. haemolysis--H, elevated liver enzymes--EL and a low-platelet count--LP. Haemolysis is defined as microscopic finding of an abnormal peripheral blood smear, elevated total bilirubin above 1.2 mg/dl and elevated lactate dehydrogenase above 40 mukat/l. Transaminases (AST above 4.2 mukat/l) are also elevated. For HELLP a low platelet count is typical (number of thrombocytes less than 100,000 mm3). The symptoms include above all pain in the epigastrium, in the right subcostal area, nausea and vomiting. Non-specific symptoms resembling viroses are lassitude, general weakness, headache and fatigue. A correct differential diagnosis and early assessment of the diagnosis are decisive for starting treatment which can prevent the development of serious complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulopathies and hepatorenal failure. Treatment of the HELLP syndrome is symptomatic with the objective to stabilize the general condition of the mother, improved haemodynamic conditions and the impaired haemocoagulation. A very important therapeutic step is early termination of pregnancy which depends on ther mother's condition and the condition of the foetus with regard to gestational age.
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PMID:[The HELLP syndrome]. 992 33

The effects of a sudden addition of a large quantity of readily fermentable carbohydrate to the feed ration of pregnant heifers are described. Clinical and pathological changes caused by the resulting disease were confined to the digits and skin. The 4 acutely affected heifers were reluctant to get up or move (group II). They tended to lie down or stand with feet bunched together and the back arched, often shifting weight from limb to limb. They walked stiffly with great tenderness and pain in the digits. Extreme pain was noticed when the digits were examined. In 4 of 8 heifers, separation of the sole at the heel, with leakage of exudate, and under-running of the sole were observed. Necrotic dermatitis of the legs, alopecia and hyperkeratosis of the tail were noticed in all 8 heifers. Skin lesions appeared simultaneously. Four of the heifers (group I) recovered, and the other 4 (group II) were sent to slaughter. No post mortem examination was performed. The biochemical findings revealed a significantly higher concentration of total serum globulins and sodium, and increased activity, in CK, LDH and AST. A significantly decreasing pattern was noted in blood urea concentration, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin and calcium. No significant differences among the various groups were found in the activities of amylase, GGT, and concentration of creatinine, total bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and potassium.
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PMID:Laminitis and dermatitis in heifers associated with excessive carbohydrate intake: skin lesions and biochemical findings. 1085 43

US-guided puncture is the simplest and most popular method in the RFA treatment for HCC. However, depending on the location of tumors, it is often difficult to detect them by US. We report here the utility of CT-guided RFA for the treatment of HCC. We performed CT-guided RFA for 27 nodules in 21 patients with HCC from July 1999 to June, 2001. We used the LeVeen Needle Electrode made by Boston Company and the Cool-tip type electrode made by Radionics Company. We judged the effects of the treatment by dynamic CT within 7 days after RFA. We were able to accomplish the treatment for all patients with the exception of one case who developed severe pain during RFA. We experienced transient increases of AST/ALT in a few cases, subcutaneous emphysema in one case, pleural effusion and ascites in two cases, but conservative treatments were effective for all cases. US-guided puncture was especially useful for the treatment of the tumors localized below the diaphragm that were hardly detectable by US.
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PMID:[Usefulness of CT-guided RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma]. 1170 86

Gemzar is a nucleoside analog that has been shown to be superior to 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer in terms of both clinical benefit and survival. This open label program enrolled 214 patients. Patients eligible for this program had advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer, received up to one previous chemotherapy, a baseline Karnofsky performance status (KPS) of at least 50, measurable or evaluable disease, adequate organ function defined as: absolute leucocyte count > 3 x 10(9)/L, platelet count > 100 x 10(9)/L, hemoglobin > 9 gr/dL, total bilirubin < 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN), creatinine < 2 x ULN, ALT and AST levels < 5 x ULN and were at least 18 years. A 1000 mg/m2 of Gemzar was administered weekly up to 7 weeks followed by a week of rest, then once weekly for 3 weeks out of every 4 weeks. The median age at inclusion was 64 years, 52% of the patients were male, 27% were 70 year or older, 66% had stage IV disease, 66% had a KPS of 80 or higher and 34% had received no prior chemotherapy. The overall response rate is 7%. A time-to-first-serious-event analysis was performed since only a limited number of dates of death were available. The first serious event (FSE) was considered as the earliest of the following: increase by at least 2 of the pain score, deterioration of KPS of at least 20, documentation of progressive disease or death. The median time to FSE was 4 months, the free FSE rate at 1 year was 14%. We conclude that the results observed in this program confirm the established efficacy of Gemzar in pancreatic cancer.
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PMID:Compassionate use of Gemzar in advanced pancreatic cancer: a Belgian experience. 1188 32

This study confirmed the oral anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antihistamine properties of mature fresh leaves (MFL) of Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) claimed in the Ayurveda medicine by orally treating a water extract of the leaves to rats. The early phase (2h) of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was significantly (P<0.01) suppressed in an inversely does-dependent (r(2)=1, P<0.01) manner by MFL. The EC(50) was 2g/kg of MFL. In the formaldehyde-induced rat paw oedema test, the 2.5 and 5g/kg leaves significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the inflammation on days 4-6 of the test. In the hot plate test, 2.5 and 5g/kg of MFL showed a significant (P<0.05) and directly dose-dependent analgesic activity at 1h of treatment while the activity was absent in the tail flick test in rats. The EC(50) for the analgesic activity was 4.1g/kg. In the formalin test, 1.25, 2.5 and 5g/kg of MFL significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the pain in both the phases of the test like aspirin. The leaves showed an inversely dose-dependent in vivo antihistamine and in vitro prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibition, membrane stabilising and antioxidant activities. Naloxone did not abolish the analgesic activity in the hot plate test. A 5g/kg of MFL did not impair muscle strength and co-ordination and did not induce sedation. The treatment of 5g/kg of MFL did not show signs of acute toxicity or stress. Fourteen-day oral treatment of 5g/kg of MFL significantly increased the serum activity of AST. Flowering of the tree did not abolish the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaves. These observations revealed that the fresh leaves of Vitex negundo have anti-inflammatory and pain suppressing activities possibly mediated via PG synthesis inhibition, antihistamine, membrane stabilising and antioxidant activities. The antihistamine activity can produce the anti-itching effect claimed in Ayurveda medicine.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. 1286 Mar 8


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