Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.1.109 (AST)
 6,066 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The protective effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) on acute ethanol-induced liver injury were investigated. Mice were pretreated with DATS (30mg/kgbw) for 7d before being exposed to ethanol (4.8g/kgbw). The biochemical indices (aspartate amino transferase, AST; alanine amino transferase, ALT; triglyceride, TG) were examined to evaluate the protective effects. Mitochondria were isolated for the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) and adenosine nucleotide pool assay. The lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), non-enzymatic antioxidant (glutathione, GSH) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) were measured both in the liver homogenate and isolated mitochondria. Acute ethanol exposure resulted in the significant increase of the ALT, AST and TG levels and hepatic mitochondria dysfunction shown as MPT, and the decreases of DeltaPsi(m), ATP and energy charge (EC). However, DATS pretreatment dramatically attenuated these adverse effects. Beside this, DATS was found to significantly inhibit the increase of the hepatic and mitochondrial MDA levels, which were decreased by 33.3% (P<0.01) and 39.0% (P<0.01), respectively. In addition, DATS pretreatment markedly suppressed the ethanol-induced decrease of the hepatic GSH level and increased the mitochondrial GSH level. Moreover, the activities of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GR) and the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GR, and GSH-Px) were significantly boosted. Thus, we concluded that DATS dramatically attenuated acute ethanol-induced liver injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. The increase of the hepatic and mitochondrial GSH levels and the elevation of the antioxidant enzymes activities should account for the preventive effects.
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PMID:Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) effectively attenuated oxidative stress-mediated liver injury and hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in acute ethanol-exposed mice. 1875 35

The biomedical application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), such as drug delivery and cancer treatment, requires a clear understanding of their fate and toxicological profile after intravenous administration. In this study, the long-term accumulation and toxicity of intravenously injected SWCNTs in the main organs (such as liver, lung and spleen) in mice were carefully studied. Although SWCNTs stayed in mice over 3 months, they showed low toxicity to mice. The long-term accumulation of SWCNTs in the main organs was evidenced by using Raman spectroscopy and TEM technique. Statistically significant changes in organ indices and serum biochemical parameters (LDH, ALT and AST) were observed. The histological observations demonstrate that slight inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration occurred in lung, but the serum immunological indicators (CH 50 level and TNF-alpha level) remained unchanged. No apoptosis was induced in the main organs. The decreasing glutathione (GSH) level and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level suggest that the toxicity of SWCNTs might be due to the oxidative stress.
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PMID:Long-term accumulation and low toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in intravenously exposed mice. 1876 Mar 40

The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of 50% ethanolic extract of whole plant of Amaranthus spinosus (ASE) was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats. The ASE at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were administered orally once daily for fourteen days. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and total bilirubin were restored towards normalization significantly by the ASE in a dose dependent manner. Higher dose exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections. Meanwhile, in vivo antioxidant activities as malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroperoxides, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also screened which were also found significantly positive in a dose dependent manner. The results of this study strongly indicate that whole plants of A. spinosus have potent hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in experimental animals. This study suggests that possible mechanism of this activity may be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolics compound in the ASE which may be responsible to hepatoprotective activity.
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PMID:Hepatoprotective activity of Amaranthus spinosus in experimental animals. 1878 28

Halogenated organic compounds, such as 1-bromopentane (1-BPT), are used as cleaning agents, synthesis agents, or extraction solvents in the workplace. In the present study, glutathione (GSH) conjugation and hepatotoxicity induced by 1-BPT were investigated in female BALB/c mice. S-Bromopentyl GSH, S-bromopentyl cysteine, and mono-hydroxypentyl mercapturic acid were identified in liver by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Oral treatment of mice with 1-BPT at 1500 mg/kg produced maximum GSH conjugates at 6 h after treatment. For hepatotoxicity tests, the animals were treated orally with 1-BPT at 375, 750, or 1500 mg/kg in corn oil once for a dose response study or at 1500 mg/kg for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h for a time course study. 1-BPT dose-dependently increased serum activity of ALT and AST and decreased hepatic GSH levels, peaking at 6 and 12 h after treatment. 1-BPT (750 and 1500 mg/kg) also significantly increased the hepatic content of malondialdehyde. Thus, 1-BPT could cause hepatotoxicity and depletion of GSH content by forming GSH conjugates, presenting a toxicity mechanism and potential biomarkers for low molecular weight haloalkanes.
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PMID:Identification of glutathione conjugates of 1-bromopentane and its hepatotoxicity in female BALB/c mice. 1895 23

The root of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa has been used in traditional Korean medicine to relieve pain and to treat inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of the extract of A. continentalis roots (AC) against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and the mechanism of its hepatoprotective effect. In mice, pretreatment with AC prior to the administration of CCl4 significantly prevented the increased serum enzymatic activity of ALT and AST as well as the formation of hepatic malondialdehyde. Histopathological evaluation of the livers also revealed that AC reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl4. In addition, pretreatment with AC significantly prevented both the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the decrease in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver of CCl4-intoxicated mice. Hepatic GSH levels and GST activity were increased by treatment with AC alone. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to be induced by oxidative stress and to confer protection against oxidative tissue injuries. Interestingly, AC markedly upregulated hepatic HO-1 expression in CCl4-treated mice, which might provide anti-oxidative activity in the liver. These results indicate that AC plays a critical protective role in CCl4-induced acute liver injury by promoting anti-oxidative protein expression.
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PMID:Protective effect of the Aralia continentalis root extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. 1898 26

In this study, 42 female Wistar albino rats, weighing between 200 and 250 g, were used and they were divided into six equal groups. Group 1 was allocated as the control group. Rats included in groups 2 and 3 were administered a water-solubilized extract of bee pollen at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day and 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Group 4 received 225 mg/kg bw/day carbaryl. Groups 5 and 6 were given a water-solubilized extract of bee pollen at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day and 100mg/kg bw/day, respectively, plus 225 mg/kg bw/day carbaryl. The indicated administrations were continued for 21 days for groups 1-6 by gavage. MDA levels and the activities of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px were analysed in blood and tissues (liver, kidney, brain and heart). At the same time, levels/activities of total protein, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, T-cholesterol, T-bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, GGT, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride were evaluated in serum samples. In conclusion, carbaryl was determined to cause negative changes in most of the oxidative stress markers and serum biochemical parameters investigated. These effects were observed to alleviate with the administration of bee pollen.
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PMID:Effect of carbaryl on some biochemical changes in rats: the ameliorative effect of bee pollen. 1899 65

Whole body exposure to ionizing radiation induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different tissues provoking oxidative damage, organ dysfunction and metabolic disturbances. The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE), rich in proanthocyanidins against gamma-radiation-induced oxidative stress in heart and pancreas tissues associated with serum metabolic disturbances. Irradiated rats were whole body exposed to 5 Gy gamma-radiation. GSE-treated irradiated rats received 100 mg GSE/kg/day, by gavage, for 14 days before irradiation. The animals were killed on days 1, 14 and 28 after irradiation. Significant decreases of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities associated with significant increases of TBARS levels were recorded in both tissues after irradiation. GSE administration pre-irradiation significantly attenuated the radiation-induced oxidative stress in heart tissues which was substantiated by a significant amelioration of serum LDH, CPK and AST activities. GSE treatment also attenuated the oxidative stress in pancreas tissues which was associated with a significant improvement in radiation-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that GSE would protect the heart and pancreas tissues from oxidative damage induced by ionizing irradiation.
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PMID:Grape seed extract Vitis vinifera protects against radiation-induced oxidative damage and metabolic disorders in rats. 1900 40

The present study investigated the effect of ethanol extracts of seeds, pericarp and leaves of Eugenia Jamolana (E. Jamolana) on inflammation, gastric ulcer, anti-oxidants and hepatoprotective in rats. The acute inflammation was induced by intra-plantar injection of carrageenan (100 microl of 1 %) in the rat hind paw. Gastric ulcer was evoked by indomethacin (25 mg/kg) oral administration. Liver damage was induced by given CCL4 (2.5 ml/kg) orally. The median lethal (LD(50)) of the ethanol extract of both seeds and pericarp were determined and revealed that the investigated extracts of seeds and pericarp were non toxic up to 5 g/kg. The anti-inflammatory results showed that the oral administration of ethanol extract of E. Jamolana seeds (250, 500 mg/kg) showed significant inhibition of oedema formation in dose-dependent manner by -27.86, -41.23, -44.73, -51.78 % and by -63.16, -37.77, -47.04, -55.36 % at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively. While the pericarp given at dose (500 mg/kg) exhibited significant inhibition of the oedema formation by -34.64, -21,8, 19.23 and -33.47 % at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively post carrageenan injection as compared with saline control group. E. Jamolana leaves fraction 1 given orally at dose of 25 mg/kg, induced non significant change on oedema, while the oedema response was significantly inhibited by -25.14, -33.4, -20.57 and -26.46 % at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively in group of rats that received leaves fraction 2 at the same dose. Rats were given leaves fraction 3 extract showed inhibition of oedema formation by -4.48 % at 1(st) h post- carrageenan injection, while at 2(nd), 3(rd) and 4(th) h showed non significant change on oedema formation. The acute gastric mucosal lesions was significantly reduced by given ethanol extract of E. Jamolana seeds, pericarp (250, 500 mg/kg) and leaves fractions 1, 2 and 3 (25 mg/kg) respectively in dose dependent manner, as compared with indomethacin treated group (control group). All tested extracts showed significant reduction in elevated serum ALT, AST and ALP levels as compared with CCl4 treated group. The ethanol extract of E. Jamolana seeds, pericarp and leaves fractions 1, 2, 3 showed significant elevation of blood GSH level and significant reduction in elevated plasma lipid peroxides (MDA) as compared with CCl4 treated group. In conclusion we can see that the ethanol extracts of E. Jamolana of seeds, pericarp and leaves fractions showed anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective and anti-oxidants activity.
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PMID:Evaluation of some pharmacological activities of ethanol extracts of seeds, pericarp and leaves of Eugenia Jamolana in rats. 1911 87

Hop varieties that are mainly grown in Serbia are Magnum (German variety) and Aroma, which is grown only in the Vojvodina region. About the use of hops extracts as an auxiliary remedy there are divergent opinions. Our findings indicate that extracts of Magnum and Aroma varieties, among the others, enhance and prolong the analgesic action of paracetamol. For this reason we undertook a study of the effects of these extracts alone and in combination with paracetamol, along with the action of paracetamol alone, on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes GSHPx, CAT, Px, XOD, GSHR, glutathione content, LPx intensity, as well as activities of AST and ALT. Paracetamol in the dose applied exerted no influence on the investigated parameters and neither did ethanolic extract of Magnum variety. On the other hand, ethanolic extract of Aroma hops caused a significant reduction of GSH content. In combination with paracetamol, extracts of both Magnum and Aroma varieties reduced significantly the LPx intensity, activities of CAT and GSHPx, as well as GSH content in the liver homogenate. A significant increase in the AST value with respect to control was also observed. These findings indicate the disturbance in the functioning of hepatocytes, probably by decelarating metabolism and elimination of paracetamol.
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PMID:Effect of aroma and magnum hops extracts and paracetamol on antioxidant liver parameters in mice. 1923 May 93

Comparative toxicity of nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2 and HN-3) and sulphur mustard was carried out in mice. Based on LD50, the toxicity pattern was HN-2 < HN-1 < HN-3 < sulphur mustard by percutaneous route whereas, by subcutaneous route the toxicity pattern was sulphur mustard < HN-3 < HN-2 < HN-1. Single dose of 1 LD50 of nitrogen mustards and sulphur mustard was administered percutaneously and various oxidative stress parameters were also evaluated. The weight loss was more in HN-2 on day 3 and in sulphur mustard on day 7. There was a drastic fall of WBC count on day 3 in all groups with a recovery in nitrogen mustard groups on day 7. The RBC count and haemoglobin content showed a significant increase on day 7 in sulphur mustard group. The plasma enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) showed an increase in all groups on day 3 and day 7. The hepatic GSH and GSSG contents were reduced and MDA content increased in all groups, with a further change in sulphur mustard on 7 day. Extensive DNA fragmentation was observed in all the nitrogen mustard groups compared to sulphur mustard group, on day 3. However, on the day 7 the DNA fragmentation was same in all groups. This study showed that the nitrogen mustards and sulphur mustard were extremely toxic by percutaneous route and caused oxidative stress. Sulphur mustard was more toxic by the percutaneous route and the effects were delayed and progressive.
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PMID:Comparison of toxicity of selected mustard agents by percutaneous and subcutaneous routes. 1924 79


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