Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.3.1.109 (AST)
 6,066 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To study the potential of multivariate classification methods in order to obtain more insight into abnormal laboratory data from patients with sickle cell disease, we investigated standard haematological and clinical chemical variables of 18 controls and 37 apparently healthy persons with heterozygous sickle cell disease (Hb AS), all women, using both univariate and multivariate classification methods. In the univariate method, those with Hb AS showed decreased serum log aspartate aminotransferase (log AST) activity, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and increased sodium concentration. The multivariate method identified sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid, log AST, alanine aminotransferase and MCH as the variables that produced maximal separation between persons with Hb As and controls. It increased the 'non-error rate' for classification of persons with Hb AS by 16.4% compared with classification based on the variable, MCH, that produced maximal separation by the univariate method. The frequency distribution of percentage Hb S in the Hb AS group proved bimodal with maximal separation at 37.0% Hb S. The subgroup with 37.0% or less (n = 16) was considered to have concomitant heterozygous alpha-thalassaemia-2. In the univariate method the subgroup characterized by greater than 37.0% Hb S (n = 21) had increased serum sodium and uric acid concentrations, perhaps related to sickle cell nephropathy, whereas the subgroup with less than or equal to 37% Hb S did not. The multivariate method added information to the univariate method by additionally identifying abnormalities in serum potassium and urea concentrations in the former subgroup.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Potential of descriptive linear discriminant analysis for studying clinical chemical and haematological data from persons with heterozygous sickle cell disease. 189 49

Nephropathy due to radiocontrast media presents with a wide spectrum of changes from reversible renal dysfunction to oliguria requiring dialysis. Nineteen patients (mean age 4.5 +/- 3.7 years) were included. Mean +/- SD values of the variables obtained before and 48 hours after angiography were the following: plasma creatinine: 0.6 +/- 0.10 and 0.6 +/- 0.16 mg/dl; endogenous creatinine clearance: 76.1 +/- 17.0 and 80.9 +/- 19.3 ml/min/1.73 m2; plasma osmolality: 279 +/- 23 and 298 +/- 39 mOsm/kg H2O; urine osmolality: 429 +/- 225 and 459 +/- 196 mOsm/kg H2O; fractional sodium excretion: 2.1 +/- 1.3% and 2.4 +/- 1.3%; plasma uric acid: 3.9 +/- 1.3 and 3.4 +/- 1.0 mg/dl; urinary AST/creatinine: 5.2 +/- 4.8 and 4.2 +/- 2.6 mU/mg; ALT/creatinine: 16.8 +/- 12.4 and 15.3 +/- 12.6 mU/mg; LDH/creatinine: 52.0 +/- 39.6 and 42.3 +/- 31.5 mU/mg; NAG/creatinine: 20.1 +/- 2.8 and 16.8 +/- 2.3 mU/mg, respectively. The changes in renal function parameters and urinary enzyme levels were insignificant statistically (p > 0.05). In conclusion, iopromid injection at maximum doses of 5 ml/kg does not result in injury to the tubular epithelium leading to increased urinary enzyme levels.
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PMID:Urinary enzyme changes in children undergoing cineangiographic evaluation using iopromid. 759 67

Groups of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone in corn oil by gavage at 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days. Food and water consumption, body and organ weights, organ-to-body weight ratios, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters were determined. Gross and microscopic pathology examinations also were conducted. No treatment-related mortality was observed during the study; however, liver, forestomach, and kidney toxicity was evident. Liver changes consisted of cytoplasmic alteration, cytomegaly, karyomegaly, and bile duct hyperplasia. These occurred with significance of p < or = 0.05 at or above 10 mg/kg/day in both sexes. The forestomach lesions included hyperkeratosis and epithelial hyperplasia in both sexes at 40 and 80 mg/kg/day, and ulcerations at 80 mg/kg/day. Also, an increased incidence and severity of spontaneously occurring chronic progressive nephropathy was most apparent in high dose males. Increases in organ-to-body weight ratios were noted for the liver and kidneys in females at the highest dose level and in males at the two highest dose levels. Serum enzymes (ALT, AST, and LDH) were increased in females and decreased in males. Based on liver lesions and biochemical changes, it was concluded that there was no experimentally definable NOAEL.
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PMID:Subchronic toxicity study of 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone in Sprague-Dawley rats. 840 48

The toxicity of cadmium (Cd) chloride was studied in ovariectomized (OX) female rats and non-OX female rats after intravenous administration of the compound at doses of 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg for 14 days. Mild hypochromic microcytic anemia developed in all rats treated with Cd, but growth retardation in the OX rats was more prominent than that in the non-OX rats. There was an increase of AST and ALT and a decrease of total cholesterol and the A/G ratio in both OX and non-OX rats treated with Cd. The hepatic and renal Cd concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the concentrations in both organs on Day 14 were comparable in the 3.0 mg/kg OX group (liver, 270.0 +/- 39.6 micrograms/g; kidney, 121.3 +/- 10.1 micrograms/g) and non-OX group (liver, 277.0 +/- 29.9 micrograms/g; kidney, 100.8 +/- 1.3 micrograms/g). Hepatocyte necrosis developed only in OX rats treated with Cd, and the nephrotoxicity of Cd was also notably enhanced by ovariectomy, since Cd nephropathy affected the proximal convoluted epithelium more severely and more frequently in OX rats than in non-OX rats. BrdU-labeled cells in the renal cortex were increased by approximately 2.7-fold in OX rat (7.4 cells/mm2) over those in the renal cortex in non-OX rat (2.7 cells/mm2). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ovariectomy enhanced Cd-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats.
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PMID:Ovariectomy enhances cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. 848 Mar 35

A 26-week experiment was designed to determine the effect of an oral adsorbent, AST-120 (Kremezin), in rats with cisplatin-induced interstitial nephropathy. We found that creatinine clearance during the 24th week of the experiment was significantly higher in the AST-120-treated rats (n = 11) than in the control animals (n = 11) (1.09 +/- 0.14, vs. 0.63 +/- 0.12 ml/min; p < 0.05). Furthermore, the kidneys, which were examined morphometrically using a computerized image scan, revealed that the AST-120-treated rats had a significantly lower ratio of the tubular cross-sectional area over the cortex and outer medulla cross-sectional area than the control group (0.26 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.02; p < 0.05). An additional experiment was conducted to see if the oral adsorbent affects absorption and excretion of intraperitoneally administered cisplatin. There was no difference between the control group (n = 12) and the AST-120-treated group (n = 12) in serum concentration or urinary excretion of cisplatin during a 72-hour period after the injection. The results of our experiments suggest that the oral absorbent, AST-120, blunts progressive deterioration of renal function and nephron architecture in cisplatin nephropathy.
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PMID:Effects of an oral adsorbent on cisplatin-induced nephropathy in rats. 874 89

The U.S. Air Force is converting from JP-4 jet fuel to the less volatile JP-8 jet fuel, which is similar to commercial Jet Fuel A. Our previous 90-day inhalation study with JP-8 vapor, using F-344 rats and C57BL/6 mice, resulted in no treatment-related adverse effects other than alpha 2-microglobulin nephropathy in male rats (Mattie et al., 1991). In the present study, male rats were dosed with neat JP-8 (0, 750, 1500, 3000 mg/kg) daily by gavage for 90 days in an effort to characterize the kidney lesion and assess further any additional adverse effects associated with prolonged oral exposure to this fuel. Results of this study revealed a significant dose-dependent decrease in body weights of rats exposed to JP-8. Male rat-specific alpha 2-microglobulin nephropathy was observed by histopathologic examination. A number of significant changes were also seen in blood and urine that were not dose-dependent. Additional treatment-related effects were a gastritis and a perianal dermatitis. Although there were no histopathological or weight changes in the livers of exposed rats, there was an increase in the liver enzymes AST and ALT. The elevated enzymes did not increase with increasing dose of JP-8.
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PMID:The effects of JP-8 jet fuel on male Sprague-Dawley rats after a 90-day exposure by oral gavage. 874 23

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) appear to be at high risk for GBV-C/HGV infection. This information has been obtained with virological techniques (RT-PCR) but few serological data exist. A prototype enzyme immunoassay has now been developed to detect antibodies against the putative envelope protein (E2) located on the surface of the GBV-C/HGV virion particle. We studied the prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection, as detected by RT-PCR and anti-E2 GBV-C/HGV antibody, in a cohort of chronic dialysis patients (n=157) and renal transplant (RT) recipients (n=77); as a control group, 136 healthy blood donors were tested. The total prevalence of GBV-C/HGV in ESRD was 23% (54/234). The frequency of GBV-C/HGV viremia was 7.7% (18/234) in ESRD and 4.4% (3/68) among healthy blood donors; the prevalence of anti-E2 GBV-C/HGV was 15% (36/234) and 8.8% (12/136) in ESRD and controls, respectively. No relationship was seen between anti-E2 GBV-C/HGV antibody (or GBV-C/HGV viremia) and age, sex, time on renal replacement therapy, anti-HCV, HBsAg and transfusion requirement. No statistical association was observed between GBV-C/HGV and AST/ALT activity. Two of 54 GBV-C/HGV positive patients (3.7%) had raised ALT but were negative for HBV/HCV. In the majority of patients (35/36, 97%) the presence of anti-E2 GBV-C/HGV antibody was linked with the loss of GBV-C/HGV viremia from serum. In conclusion, GBV-C/HGV infection, as detected by RT-PCR and anti-E2 antibody, was common in ESRD, and the rate of infection was higher than in controls. No association was seen between GBV-C/HGV and various demographic or clinical factors. A small group of GBV-G/HGV positive patients tested negative for HBV/HCV and had raised ALT. In many patients exposed to GBV-C/HGV infection the virus was cleared. The clinical significance of GBV-C/HGV in ESRD remains controversial. Prospective studies with additional serological assays are in progress.
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PMID:GBV-C/HGV infection in end-stage renal disease: a serological and virological survey. 1072 Feb 18

Fischer 344 rats were treated with 0, 100, 500, 2500, or 12,500 ppm di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in the diet for up to 104 weeks. Blood and urine were analyzed at weeks 26, 52, 78, and 104 from 10 animals per sex per group. Survival was slightly but not statistically reduced for rats receiving 12,500 ppm DEHP. Body weights and food consumption were significantly reduced for rats receiving the highest dose level of DEHP and occasionally for the male 2500-ppm group. BUN and albumin were significantly higher and globulin lower at nearly every sampling interval for the 12,500-ppm group compared with the controls. There was an increase in the mean activities of AST and ALT at 104 weeks, but no statistically significant differences were seen. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values for the 12,500-ppm group were significantly lower than controls at nearly every sampling interval. No other differences in hematology were seen. No toxicologically significant changes were observed in urinalysis. At termination, relative lung weights for the 2500- and 12,500-ppm male groups of rats were significantly higher than for the controls. Absolute and relative liver and kidney weights for the 2500- and 12,500-ppm male rats, and liver weights for 12,500-ppm female rats were higher compared with the controls. Absolute and relative testes weights for the 12, 500-ppm male rats were lower compared with the controls. All organs were examined for histopathology. The incidence of hepatocellular lesions has been reported separately and correlated with the induction of peroxisomal enzyme activity (David et al., 1999). A dose level of 500 ppm was the NOEL for peroxisome proliferation. Bilateral aspermatogenesis in the testes, castration cells in the pituitary gland, spongiosis hepatis, and pancreatic acinar cell adenoma were observed for 12,500-ppm male rats. Aspermatogenesis and spongiosis hepatis were observed for 2500-ppm male rats, and aspermatogenesis was seen at 500 ppm. DEHP exposure exacerbated age-, species- or strain-related lesions such as mineralization of the renal papilla and chronic progressive nephropathy in male rats. Kupffer cell pigmentation and renal tubule pigmentation were seen in male and female 12,500-ppm rats. The increased incidence of spongiosis hepatis correlated with increased palmitoyl CoA oxidase activity, but the incidence of pancreatic acinar cell adenoma was increased only at the highest dose level of 12,500 ppm. These lesions, although typical of those seen with other peroxisome proliferators, may respond differently depending on the potency of the peroxisome proliferator. A dose level of 500 ppm (28.9-36.1 mg/kg/day) was considered to be the NOAEL.
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PMID:Chronic toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in rats. 1082 76

Diabetic nephropathy is a common cause of end-stage renal disease. The administration of an oral adsorbent, AST-120, prevents the progression of chronic renal failure in uremic rats and undialyzed uremic patients. This study was designed to determine if AST-120 slows the progression of diabetic nephropathy using Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus. At 21 weeks of age the OLETF rats were divided into 2 groups: AST-120-administered OLETF rats (n = 7), and control OLETF rats (n = 7). LETO rats, which are genetically similar to the OLETF rats but not diabetic, were also included. After the oral administration of AST-120 for 65 weeks, renal function and pathological changes were investigated in the 3 groups. The administration of AST-120 to the OLETF rats attenuated the progression of glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular injury as well as renal dysfunction, and reduced the serum and urinary levels of indoxyl sulfate. Furthermore, AST-120 administration reduced the interstitial expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, as well as interstitial infiltration of macrophages. The TGF-beta(1)-stained interstitial area showed positive correlations with the interstitial fibrosis area, the number of TIMP-1-positive cells, and the number of macrophages, and showed a negative correlation with creatinine clearance. In conclusion, AST-120 reduced the interstitial expression of TGF-beta(1) and TIMP-1, and the interstitial infiltration of macrophages, and ameliorates the progression of diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats.
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PMID:Oral adsorbent AST-120 ameliorates interstitial fibrosis and transforming growth factor-beta(1) expression in spontaneously diabetic (OLETF) rats. 1087 8

The study is to evaluate the effect of levamisole on steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) children with multiple relapses, from October 1996 through December 1998, we prospectively recruited 27 SSNS children. Eight children had minimal change nephrotic syndrome and nine had mesangial nephropathy proven by renal biopsy. The other 10 children had normal renal function and no secondary cause of nephrotic syndrome (NS). Nine were frequent relapsers (FR), (> 4 attack per year), nine were steroid-dependent (SD), and another nine were both FR and SD. The dosage of levamisole given was 2 to 3 mg/kg daily or every other day, depending on the patients' response. All were followed regularly at outpatient department. Follow-up items included a routine urinalysis every month, complete blood count (CBC) every 3 months and BUN/Cr, AST/ALT every 6 months. After 6 to 24 (mean 12.2) months of follow-up, the frequency of relapse (FoR) decreased (5.74 +/- 3.24 vs 1.91 +/- 2.0/year p < 0.05). Seven (26%) had no relapse at all. Nine (33.3%) had less than 1/3 the FoR; four (14.8%) had 1/3 to 1/2 the FoR; and seven (26%) still had more than 1/2 FoR as before levamisole. The oral prednisolone dosage also decreased (0.62 +/- 0.42 vs 0.21 +/- 0.35 mg/kg/day, p < 0.05). The levamisole response was independent of the age of NS onset, the interval between NS onset and initiation of levamisole, previous number of relapse, the FoR, and previous use of cytotoxic drug. There were 7 episodes of leukopenia, which returned to normal after discontinuing levamisole for 1 to 2 weeks in 4 patients. Two (7.5%) had reversible leukopenia for more than 4 weeks. No abnormal BUN/Cr, or ALT/AST levels were noted during follow-up. Levamisole is an effective and safe drug for children who have SSNS with FR and/or SD. Two thirds of patients obtain satisfactory control. The dosage can be 2 to 3 mg/kg daily or every other day. The most common side effect is transient leukopenia.
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PMID:Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome children with steroid-dependency and/or frequent relapses. 1092 44


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