Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Species of Plasmodium that naturally infect wild rodents but can also be maintained in laboratory mice have long been used as model systems in which to study the biology of malaria parasites. Several of these rodent parasites are now providing useful genomic comparisons to those species that cause malaria in humans. Here we examined the phylogenetic relationships of 19 strains of rodent malaria parasites including four species native to African thicket rats (Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium chabaudi, Plasmodium vinckei, and Plasmodium yoelii) and one from a porcupine (Plasmodium atheruri) using DNA sequence data collected from seven genes from each of the three parasite genomes. These included the nuclear dihydrofolate reductase gene and a cysteine protease gene, mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I genes, and the elongation factor tufA, caseinolytic protease C, and "open reading frame 470" genes from the apicoplast genome, for a combined total of 5049 nucleotides. Using simultaneous analysis, a method of combining each of the gene partitions into a super-matrix, two equally parsimonious trees were recovered. Bayesian analysis of the dataset produced the same topology. The basic species groups were well supported, with the exception of the placement of P. atheruri within the P. vinckei clade. Named subspecies showed a wide array of genetic differentiation, but fell into monophyletic groups.
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PMID:The phylogeny of rodent malaria parasites: simultaneous analysis across three genomes. 1676 6

The blood-feeding patterns of mosquitoes are directly linked to the spread of pathogens that they transmit. Efficient identification of arthropod vector bloodmeal hosts can identify the diversity of vertebrate species potentially involved in disease transmission cycles. While molecular bloodmeal analyses rely on sequencing of cytochrome b (cyt b) or cytochrome oxidase 1 gene PCR products, recently developed bloodmeal host identification based on high resolution melting (HRM) analyses of cyt b PCR products is more cost-effective. To resolve the diverse vertebrate hosts that mosquitoes may potentially feed on in sub-Saharan Africa, we utilized HRM profiles of both cyt b and 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Among 445 blood-fed Aedeomyia, Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Mimomyia mosquitoes from Kenya's Lake Victoria and Lake Baringo regions where many mosquito-transmitted pathogens are endemic, we identified 33 bloodmeal hosts including humans, eight domestic animal species, six peridomestic animal species and 18 wildlife species. This resolution of vertebrate host species was only possible by comparing profiles of both cyt b and 16S markers, as melting profiles of some pairs of species were similar for either marker but not both. We identified mixed bloodmeals in a Culex pipiens from Mbita that had fed on a goat and a human and in two Mansonia africana mosquitoes from Baringo that each had fed on a rodent (Arvicanthis niloticus) in addition to a human or baboon. We further detected Sindbis and Bunyamwera viruses in blood-fed mosquito homogenates by Vero cell culture and RT-PCR in Culex, Aedeomyia, Anopheles and Mansonia mosquitoes from Baringo that had fed on humans and livestock. The observed mosquito feeding on both arbovirus amplifying hosts (including sheep and goats) and possible arbovirus reservoirs (birds, porcupine, baboons, rodents) informs arbovirus disease epidemiology and vector control strategies.
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PMID:Unraveling Host-Vector-Arbovirus Interactions by Two-Gene High Resolution Melting Mosquito Bloodmeal Analysis in a Kenyan Wildlife-Livestock Interface. 2623 May 7