Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The laminar distributions of cytochrome oxidase activity and vascularization of the occipital cortex of animals made micrencephalic by exposure to MAM Ac on E14 or E16 were examined and compared to control animals. Despite severe disruptions of the normal cytoarchitecture in MAM Ac exposed animals, the laminar distributions of vascular profiles, branch points and cytochrome oxidase activity in micrencephalic animals were similar to those in control animals.
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PMID:Vascularity and cytochrome oxidase distribution in the occipital cortex in MAM Ac-induced micrencephaly. 303 75

To determine when the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin appears during development, neurons in the chick Edinger Westphal nucleus were examined for parvalbumin immunoreactivity at a variety of embryonic stages. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity appeared on embryonic day 14 (E14, Hamburger and Hamilton stage 40) in predominantly lateral Edinger Westphal neurons. Cytochrome oxidase activity within the nucleus was examined throughout development, as an indicator of physiological activity, and expression of cytochrome oxidase was compared with that of parvalbumin. Cytochrome oxidase activity was found to be uniformly high in all parts of the Edinger Westphal nucleus throughout development. Either the Edinger Westphal nucleus in physiologically active quite early in its development or other energy demands mask the correlation of cytochrome oxidase with electrical activity. Cytochrome oxidase was expressed well before parvalbumin immunoreactivity appeared. Voltage-activated calcium currents were characterized in E12 Edinger Westphal neurons. In both amplitude and composition, E12 calcium currents resemble those of E16 neurons, excluding the possibility that calcium currents appear de novo during or just prior to the appearance of parvalbumin. Both cytochrome oxidase activity and calcium currents are observed in Edinger Westphal neurons well before the appearance of parvalbumin during development. These findings do not exclude the possibility that physiological activity affects the expression of parvalbumin since other factors such as changing patterns of synaptic activity or the appearance of calcium conducting NMDA receptors have yet to be examined. However, they raise the possibility that additional factors such as an intrinsic developmental program or a change in the neuron's basal intracellular calcium requirements may also be involved.
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PMID:Development of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the chick Edinger Westphal nucleus. 880 Dec 53

The middle portion of Meckel's cartilage resembles endochondral bone formation accompanied by chondrocyte hypertrophy and death, cartilaginous matrix calcification, and chondroclastic resorption. We examined Meckel's cartilage specimens from mice mandibles taken on embryonic days 14-16 (E14-E16) using immunohistochemistry for hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), and using enzyme histochemistry for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cytochrome oxidase (COX), along with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction, and compared the results with those of endochondral bones from E16 hind limbs. Periodic acid-Schiff-positive glycogen, HIF-1alpha, and GLUT immunoreactivity, and GPI, LDH, and COX activities were observed in Meckel's cartilage in E14 and E15 mandibles. In E16 mandibles, hypertrophic chondrocytes showed a transitory loss of HIF-1alpha immunoreactivity and consumed glycogen, while those closest to the resorption front showed intense immunoreactivity for HIF-1, GLUT3, and GLUT5. Hypertrophic chondrocytes of metatarsals possessed HIF-1alpha immunoreactivity in the nuclei and diminished COX activity, whereas developing tibias showed weak HIF-1alpha immunoreactivity even in hypoxic regions characterized by little or no COX activity. These findings suggest that HIF-1alpha becomes stabilized independently of the concentration of oxygen, and largely contributes to the development and resorption of Meckel's cartilage, probably through shifting the predominant metabolic mode from aerobic to anaerobic glycolysis.
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PMID:Metabolic mode peculiar to Meckel's cartilage: immunohistochemical comparisons of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and glucose transporters in developing endochondral bones in mice. 1870 2