Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During inflammation and other pathological states, the lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are both generated. We have been investigating the effect of exogenous PAF on ROS formation in the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). ROS production, measured using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL), proved to be rapid, transient, PAF receptor-mediated, and totally dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Repeated administration of PAF resulted in refractoriness to the agonist in terms of both capacities to increase [Ca2+]i and generate ROS. The cells, however, continued to respond fully to other stimulants (bradykinin, epidermal growth factor, thapsigargin). The PAF-induced increases in [Ca2+]i (monitored using the fluorescent probe Fluo-3) were also rapid and transient and paralleled those of ROS generation. Relatively specific inhibitors of potential ROS-producing systems were administered in an attempt to characterize the ROS producing system(s). Inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase and NO synthase did not interfere with PAF evoked ROS. The flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase inhibitor KCN, prevented generation of ROS, making NAD(P)H a candidate for the electron source of the ROS and the mitochondria a potential major site of formation.
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PMID:Calcium-dependent PAF-stimulated generation of reactive oxygen species in a human keratinocyte cell line. 1036 77

Reperfusion injury is an inherent response to the restoration of blood flow after ischemia. It is a complex process involving numerous mechanisms occurring in the intracellular and extracellular environments, and it is mediated in part by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imbalance between the cellular formation of free radicals and cells' capacity to defend against them can cause cardiac tissue injuries. In this context, ROS play an essential role in both the organ injury and repair processes. After reperfusion, infiltration into the myocardium of inflammatory leucocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, causes further ROS production beyond the initiation of the inflammatory cascade. In this case, ROS overproduction is crucial in cardiac injury, and it can increase the complications related to cardiac reperfusion. In myocardial tissue, ROS can be produced from several sources, such as xanthine oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, cyclooxygenase, mediated unsaturated fatty acid oxidation, oxidation of catecholamines, mitochondrial oxidation, activation of leukocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, iron release, and reduction-oxidation reaction cycling; all of these sources reduce molecular oxygen in the reperfused myocardium. This review discusses about the molecular and therapeutic aspects of cardiac-reperfusion injuries generated by ROS. Experimental and clinical evidence with respect to the use of ischemic preconditioning, Ca2+, nitric oxide, and conventional antioxidants in cardiac-reperfusion injury are summarized, and causal therapy approaches with various antioxidants are discussed.
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PMID:Reactive oxygen species-mediated cardiac-reperfusion injury: Mechanisms and therapies. 2766 51