Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is now well established that environmental signals mediated via neurotransmitters and hormones can induce responses in cells which involve a cascade of receptors, G proteins, and second messengers. These in turn can induce transcription factors which regulate long-term changes in gene expression. It has been proposed that the stimulus-transcription coupling properties of these DNA-binding proteins can be exploited to visualize activated neurons by way of immunostaining. We have used standard immunohistochemical techniques to detect the expression of one specific transcription factor, Zif268, in the visual cortex (area 17, V1) of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Immunopositive neurons were present in large numbers throughout the visual cortex of the normal animal, being concentrated in layers 2/3 and 6 and at moderate levels in 4C beta and 5. To determine if Zif268 expression was affected by visual stimulation in the monkey, we restricted light input to one eye with the aim of revealing ocular-dominance columns in striate cortex. We found that short-term monocular deprivation induced either by enucleation, intravitreal TTX injection, or eyelid suturing resulted in dramatic changes in Zif268 levels, revealing vertically oriented columns of reduced Zif268 staining interdigitated with columns of normal expression. Furthermore, these columns were discernible after just 2 h of monocular blockade. A comparison of the ocular-dominance pattern obtained with Zif268 immunostaining and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry in long-term monocularly deprived animals showed a coincident reduction of both markers along columns that were precisely aligned in adjacent sections, indicating that Zif268 expression is restricted to cortical regions of high metabolic activity. Simultaneous immunostaining for Zif268 and the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and parvalbumin showed a negative correlation, suggesting that the Zif268 protein may be expressed selectively within excitatory neurons. A similar approach with immunostaining for neurofilament and microtubule-associated proteins (SMI-32 and MAP2) revealed pyramidal neurons which were regularly found to contain a Zif268-positive nucleus. Furthermore, confocal images of lucifer yellow filled neurons possessing Zif268-positive nuclei all showed pyramidal morphology. Taken together, these results point to activity-dependent expression of Zif268 within a subset of excitatory neurons.
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PMID:Neuronal activity in primate visual cortex assessed by immunostaining for the transcription factor Zif268. 771 1

Sensory and motor pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) of macaque monkeys were visualized by anterograde or retrograde axonal transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) reacted with the chromagen tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), or by the use of anterograde degeneration after specific ablation lesions. To maximize information from each animal we combined the results of the anterograde and retrograde axonal transport with several pre- and post-embedding markers at both the light and electron microscopic levels while maintaining good preservation of tissue. Pre-embedding techniques included those for cytochrome oxidase activity and the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin. Post-embedding techniques included immunocytochemistry for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or other amino acid neurotransmitters. We believe that the methods described here provide superior tissue preservation, thus permitting a more detailed analysis of tissue prepared after experiments concerned with neural circuitry.
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PMID:Electron microscopic imaging of multiple markers in glutaraldehyde fixed CNS tissue of Macaca fascicularis: maximizing information from a single experimental animal. 775 80

The postnatal development of direct thalamocortical projections from the zona incerta of the ventral thalamus to the whisker representation area of the rat primary somatosensory cortex was investigated. Cytoarchitectonic analysis based on Nissl staining, cytochrome oxidase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA, parvalbumin and calbindin D28K revealed that the zona incerta can be clearly distinguished from surrounding diencephalic structures from the day of birth. Moreover, four distinct anatomical subdivisions of this nucleus were identified: the rostral, dorsal, ventral and caudal. Of these, the ventral subdivision is by far the most conspicuous, containing the highest density of neurons, and the highest levels of cytochrome oxidase, glutamate decarboxylase, GABA, parvalbumin and calbindin D28K. In contrast, the dorsal, rostral and caudal subdivisions contain fewer cells, lower levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA and very few parvalbumin-positive and calbindin-positive neurons. Small injections of rhodamine coated microspheres or Fluoro-gold in the primary somatosensory cortex of animals at different stages of development revealed the existence of retrogradely labeled neurons in the rostral and dorsal subdivisions of the zona incerta from postnatal day 1. At this age, retrogradely labeled cells were also found in the ventral lateral, ventral posterior medial, posterior medial, centrolateral, ventral medial and magnocellular subdivision of the medial geniculate nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. The density of the incertocortical projection reaches its maximum between the first and second postnatal weeks, decreasing subsequently, until an adult pattern of labeling is achieved. Tracer injections combined with immunohistochemistry revealed that the majority of the incertocortical projection derives from GABAergic neurons, implying a potentially inhibitory role for the incertocortical projection. These results demonstrate that the rat trigeminal system contains parallel thalamocortical pathways of opposite polarity, emerging from both the dorsal (glutamatergic, excitatory) and ventral (GABAergic, inhibitory) thalamus since the day of birth. As such, these findings suggest that, contrary to the classical notion, not only the dorsal but also the ventral thalamus may play a special role in both cortical maturation and function.
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PMID:Development of direct GABAergic projections from the zona incerta to the somatosensory cortex of the rat. 777 73

We analyzed the immunohistochemical distribution of the two calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin D-28k (CB), in the primary visual cortex and lateral dorsal geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of monocularly enucleated macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina) in order to determine how the expression of PV and CB is affected by functional inactivity. The monkeys survived 1-17 weeks after monocular enucleation. The distribution pattern of each of the proteins was examined immunocytochemically using monoclonal antibodies and compared with that of the metabolic marker cytochrome oxidase (CO). We recorded manually the number of immunostained neurons and estimated the concentration of immunoreactive staining product using a computerized image-acquisition system. Our results indicate a decrease of approximately 30% in the labeling of PV-immunoreactive (ir) neuropil particularly in those layers of denervated ocular-dominance columns receiving the geniculocortical input. There was no change in the number of PV-ir neurons in any compartment irrespective of the enucleation interval. For CB-ir, we found a 20% decrease in the neuropil labeling in layer 2/3 of the denervated ocular-dominance columns. In addition, a subset of pyramidal CB-ir neurons in layers 2 and 4B, which are weakly stained in control animals, showed decreased labeling. In the dLGN of enucleated animals, PV-ir and CB-ir were decreased only in the neuropil of the denervated layers. From these results, we conclude that cortical interneurons and geniculate projection neurons still express PV and CB in their cell bodies after disruption of the direct functional input from one eye. The only distinct decrease of PV and CB expression is seen in axon terminals from retinal ganglion cells in the dLGN, and in the axons and terminals of both geniculocortical projection cells and cortical interneurons in the cerebral cortex.
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PMID:Discrete reduction patterns of parvalbumin and calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys after monocular enucleation. 801 73

The organization of the inferior pulvinar complex (PI) in squirrel monkeys was studied with histochemical localization of the calcium binding proteins calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin, and of cytochrome oxidase. With each of these markers, the inferior pulvinar complex can be subdivided into four distinct regions. Calbindin-D28k immunoreactivity is densely distributed in cells and neuropil within PI, except for a distinct centromedially located gap. This calbindin-poor zone, termed the medial division of the inferior pulvinar (PIM), corresponds precisely to a region that contains elevated cytochrome oxidase activity and parvalbumin immunostaining. The PIM extends slightly above and behind the classically defined limit of the inferior pulvinar, the corticotectal tract. Regions of inferior pulvinar with intense immunostaining for calbindin-D28k were the posterior division of the inferior pulvinar (PIP, medial to PIM) and the central division (PIC, lateral to PIM). A newly recognized lateral region, PIL, adjoins the lateral geniculate nucleus and stains more lightly for calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactivity and for cytochrome oxidase. Staining patterns for calbindin, parvalbumin, and cytochrome oxidase in the pulvinar of rhesus monkeys closely resemble those shown in squirrel monkey inferior pulvinar, suggesting that a common organization exists in all primates. In order to examine cortical connection patterns of the histochemically defined compartments in the inferior pulvinar, injections of up to five neuroanatomical tracers (wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent retrograde tracers) were placed in the same cerebral hemisphere. Single injection sites were in the middle temporal area (MT), and several separate injections were placed in a strip corresponding to the rostral subdivision of the dorsolateral area (DLr). Injections that involved only DLr and not MT labeled principally the PIC, and more sparsely PIP and PIL. DLr connections occupied a "shell" region dorsal to PIM that extended from PIC into the lateral and medial divisions of the pulvinar, PL and PM. Injection sites that included MT or were largely restricted to MT produced dense label in PIM and moderate label in PIC and PIL. The retinotopic organization within the inferior pulvinar was inferred from patterns of connections. Connections with cortex related most closely to central vision were found posteriorly in PIM and in adjacent portions of PIC as it wraps around the caudal pole of PIM. Cortex related to more peripheral locations in the lower visual field connected with more rostral PIM and PIC. Patterns of label within the portions of PL and PM that were immediately adjacent to PIM roughly paralleled those in PIM and PIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Chemoarchitectonic subdivisions of the visual pulvinar in monkeys and their connectional relations with the middle temporal and rostral dorsolateral visual areas, MT and DLr. 825 7

Primary sensory neurons have been categorized according to a variety of characteristics, including modality responsiveness, somal size, cytology, cytochemistry, and the organization of their central axon collateral arborizations. A major aim in the study of primary afferents has been to determine the relationships between dorsal root ganglia neuronal physiology, anatomy, and chemistry that could provide a basis for a classification scheme more directly relevant to function. Here we briefly review these relationships and examine the utility of specific histochemical and immunohistochemical markers representative of distinct populations of neurons that may transmit particular sensory modalities. In addition, we discuss some of our observations suggesting that one population of dorsal root ganglia neurons contains high levels of cytochrome oxidase, carbonic anhydrase, parvalbumin, and calbindin D28k, while a separate population contains fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and displays immunoreactivity with an antibody that labels the central arborization of a specific class of unmyelinated afferents in the dorsal horn. This may have implications for the combinations of substances contained within neurons with distinct sensory functions.
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PMID:Emerging relationships between cytochemical properties and sensory modality transmission in primary sensory neurons. 838 15

Vestibular neurons were studied by cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry and by immunocytochemistry using antibodies against parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CaBP), calretinin (CaR) and 160 KD neurofilament protein (NF). All the neurons present a high level of CO activity and a high content of PV. CaBP and CaR are restricted to a specific population of about 16% of the neurons and are among the largest ones. The latter neurons also have a high density of NF 160 KD protein. In conclusion the biochemical characteristics of the vestibular ganglion neurons are discussed in relation to their morphological and physiological properties.
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PMID:Different calcium-binding proteins identify subpopulations of vestibular ganglion neurons in the rat. 838 64

Calcium-binding proteins can act as intermediaries between changing levels of free intracellular calcium ions and the physiological response of neurons. Some of these proteins, among them calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV), can act as calcium buffers. A survey of previous studies in rodents and human fetuses leads to the impression that many spiral ganglion cells co-express CB, CR, and PV. The findings of the present study suggest that, in the adult marmoset, the expression of CB is restricted to a small number of cells, most likely type II ganglion cells, and that at least some of the numerous type I ganglion cells co-express CR and PV. In the neonate marmoset, large numbers of putative type I ganglion cells from the apical cochlear turn transiently expressed a light and granular labeling for CB-like immunoreactivity, in addition to the cells we believe to be type II ganglion cells exhibiting a strong and solid CB-like staining. The spiral ganglion cells in all developmental stages co-expressed the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Furthermore, a small population of CB-LI axons of unknown origin was found to terminate near the CB-immunoreactive ganglion cells.
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PMID:Calcium-binding proteins in the spiral ganglion of the monkey, Callithrix jacchus. 856 26

Monocular deprivation produces an imbalance in visual drive from the two eyes, which in adult macaque V1 leads to marked changes in the neurochemistry of GABA interneurons. Such changes were further examined by studying immunoreactivity for calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin, three calcium-binding proteins that mark distinct subpopulations of GABA neurons, in macaques that had been monocularly deprived by intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin. Deprivation for 5 d or longer produced a reversal in the normal pattern of calbindin immunostaining in layer III, from one in which intense neuronal immunostaining surrounded the cytochrome oxidase-rich puffs to one in which it occupied the puffs. Over the same period, calbindin immunostaining in other layers was reduced across the entire width of deprived-eye columns or extended into flanking regions of normal-eye columns. In contrast, reduction in parvalbumin immunostaining occurred only in deprived-eye columns and included only terminals with short periods of deprivation (up to 17 d) but both terminals and somata with longer periods. No change in calretinin immunoreactivity was observed. These findings demonstrate that GABA neurons of macaque V1 vary in their response to monocular deprivation according to their neurochemistry and position, suggesting that the weight of inputs from the two eyes and the intrinsic characteristics of each GABA population determine how a neuron responds to a change in visual input.
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PMID:Regulation of calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity in GABA neurons of macaque primary visual cortex. 867 Jun 56

The mammalian dorsal column nuclei (DCN) are principally composed of the cuneate (CN) and gracile (GN) nuclei. Data presented here support previously published anatomical and functional evidence that the longitudinal organization of the CN and GN reflect the complex role of the DCN in somatosensory processing. The CN is organized longitudinally into three parts. Within the middle portion of this nucleus, primary afferent projections and cuneothalamic cells are concentrated. Although traditional cytoarchitectonic analyses had failed to detect this tripartite organization in rats, we found evidence for it, with a functional middle region, extending approximately 0.2-0.9 mm caudal to the obex, characterized by precise somatotopy of primary afferent terminations and corresponding somatotopy of cytochrome oxidase (CO) blotches. Additional evidence is presented here consistent with a functionally distinct middle region within the rat's CN: (1) patches of dense synaptophysin (a synaptic-vesical-associated protein)-immunoreactivity (SYN-IR) are limited to the middle CN region, coincident with the dense CO blotches; (2) neurons immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28 (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) are concentrated in the middle CN region. Furthermore, in adult rats subjected to perinatal forepaw removal, (1) the patterns of SYN-IR in the middle region of the CN are disrupted, as had previously been shown for the patterns of CO blotches; (2) in contrast, however, distributions of CN cells with PV-, CB- and CR-IR are unaffected. Evidence for a tripartite division in the GN is also presented, based on the distributions of cells with PV-, CB- and CR-IR.
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PMID:Synaptophysin immunoreactivity and distributions of calcium-binding proteins highlight the functional organization of the rat's dorsal column nuclei. 886 11


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