Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phytopathogen infection alters primary metabolism status and plant development. The alternative oxidase (AOX) has been hypothesized to increase under pathogen attack preventing reductions, thus optimizing photosynthesis and growth. In this study, two genotypes of Medicago truncatula, one relatively resistant (Jemalong A17) and one susceptible (TN1.11), were infected with Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. The in vivo foliar respiratory activities of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP) and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) were measured using the oxygen isotope fractionation. Gas exchange and photosynthesis-related parameters were measured and calculated together with antioxidant enzymes activities and organic acids contents. Our results show that the in vivo activity of AOX (valt ) plays a role under fungal infection. When infected with R. solani, the increase of valt in A17 was concomitant to an increase in net assimilation, in mesophyll conductance, to an improvement in the maximum velocity of Rubisco carboxylation and to unchanged malate content. However, under F. oxysporum infection, the induced valt was accompanied by an enhancement in the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC1.11.1.7), activities and to an unchanged tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. These results provide new insight into the role of the in vivo activity of AOX in coordinating primary metabolism interactions that, partly, modulate the relative resistance of M. truncatula to diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi.
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PMID:The alternative oxidase pathway is involved in optimizing photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula infected by Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani. 3210 52

Potentially neurotoxic systems involved in traumatic and degenerative diseases of the brain were assessed in acute psychosis. Astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEs) and neuron-derived exosomes (NDEs) were immunoprecipitated from plasma of ten untreated first-episode psychotics (FPs) and ten matched normal controls (Cs). Neural mitochondrial electron transport and complement proteins were extracted, quantified by ELISAs and normalized with levels of CD81 exosome marker. Levels of subunits 1 and 6 of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and subunit 10 of cytochrome b-c1 oxidase (complex III), but not of subunit 1 of cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV) or superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) were significantly lower in ADEs and NDEs of FPs than Cs. This dysregulated pattern of electron transport proteins is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species. ADE glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were significantly higher in FPs than Cs, indicating a higher percentage of inflammatory astrocytes in FPs. ADE levels of C3b opsonin were significantly higher and those of C5b-9 attack complex was marginally higher in FPs than Cs. A significantly lower ADE level of the C3 convertase inhibitor CD55 may explain the higher levels of C3 convertase-generated C3b. ADE levels of the neuroprotective protein leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were significantly lower in FPs than Cs, whereas levels of IL-6 were no different. Plasma neural exosome levels of electron transport and complement proteins may be useful in predicting FP and guiding therapy. SOD mimetics, C3 convertase inhibitors and LIF receptor agonists also may have therapeutic benefits in FP.
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PMID:Decreased mitochondrial electron transport proteins and increased complement mediators in plasma neural-derived exosomes of early psychosis. 3310 73


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