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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Visual areas 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the ferret can be distinguished on the grounds of cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture and cytochrome oxidase reactivity, and with transneuronal tract-tracing from the eye. Each visual area contains callosally connected, as well as acallosal, regions. The callosal connections originate mainly from layers 2 and 3 and, more widely, from layer 6. Callosally projecting neurons and callosal terminals are organized in three roughly medio-laterally oriented bands. The posterior and intermediate bands straddle the 17/18 and 19/21 border, respectively; the third band extends along the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus. These bands are linked by a variable number of bridges of connections that demarcate acallosal islands. The distribution of callosal connections predicts the existence of vertical meridian representations corresponding to each of the bands and of non-isotropic representations of the visual field within the bridges and islands.
Cereb Cortex 2002 Apr
PMID:Architecture and callosal connections of visual areas 17, 18, 19 and 21 in the ferret (Mustela putorius). 1188 56

In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy was applied to examine whether cytochrome oxidase in the rat brain is inhibited by nitric oxide in vivo. During normoxia, intravenous N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration significantly decreased the cerebral saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen but did not alter the cytochrome oxidase redox state. Anoxia significantly reduced the cytochrome oxidase. The time course of the recovery of the redox state during reoxygenation was not altered by L-NAME. The results suggest that in adult rats, cytochrome oxidase is not inhibited by nitric oxide, either in physiologic conditions or during reoxygenation after a brief anoxic period.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002 May
PMID:Nitric oxide does not inhibit cerebral cytochrome oxidase in vivo or in the reactive hyperemic phase after brief anoxia in the adult rat. 1197 23

A double-label deoxyglucose technique was used to study orientation columns throughout visual cortex in awake behaving macaques. Four macaques were trained to fixate while contrastreversing, stationary gratings or one-dimensional noise of a single orientation or an orthogonal orientation were presented, during uptake of [14C]deoxyglucose ([14C]DG) or [3H]DG, respectively. The two orthogonal stimulus orientations produced DG-labeled columns that were maximally separated in the two isotope maps (inter-digitated) in four areas: V1, V2, V3 and VP. The topographic change from interdigitated to overlapping columns occurred abruptly rather than gradually, at corresponding cortical area borders (e.g. VP and V4v, respectively). In addition, the data suggest that orientation column topography systematically changes with retinotopic eccentricity. In V1, the orientation columns systematically avoided the cytochrome oxidase blobs in the parafoveal representation, but converged closer to the blobs in the foveal representation. A control experiment indicated that this was unlikely to reflect eccentricity-dependent differences in cortical spatial frequency sensitivity. A similar eccentricity-dependent change in the topography of orientation columns occurred in V2. In parafoveal but not foveal visual field representations of V2, the orientation columns were centered on the thick cytochrome oxidase stripes, extended into the adjacent interstripe region, but were virtually absent in the thin stripes.
Cereb Cortex 2002 Jun
PMID:The organization of orientation selectivity throughout macaque visual cortex. 1200 64

The literature on orientation and color columns in monkey visual cortex is reviewed. The orientation column model most consistent with existing data is one containing 'stripes' of alternating positive and negative orientation 'singularities' (cytochrome oxidase blobs) which run along the centers of ocular dominance (OD) columns, with horizontal and vertical orientations alternating at interblob centers. Evidence is summarized suggesting that color is mapped continuously across the monkey's primary visual cortex, with the ends of the spectrum located at 'red' and 'blue' cytochrome oxidase blobs and extra-spectral purple located between adjacent red and blue blobs in the same OD column. In the orientation column model, the 'linear zones' of Obermayer and Blasdel have the appearance of the lines on a pumpkin. A pinwheel model of color columns, consistent with existing data, includes spectral and extra-spectral colors as spokes. Spectral iso-color lines run across iso-orientation lines in linear zones, while extra-spectral iso-color lines occupy the 'saddle points' of Obermayer and Blasdel. The color column model accounts for closure of the perceptual color circle, as proposed by Isaac Newton in 1704, but does not account for color opponency.
Cereb Cortex 2002 Oct
PMID:Orientation and color columns in monkey visual cortex. 1221 63

Previous studies have shown that neonatal electrolytic lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic projections in mice lead to a transient cholinergic depletion of neocortex and to permanent alterations in cortical cytoarchitecture and in cognitive performance. The present study examines whether neonatal electrolytic lesions of the basal forebrain modify neocortical plasticity. Using cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, we compared cross-sectional areas of individual barrels in the barrel field of four groups of postnatal day 8 (P8) old mice that on P1 received either (1) right electrolytic lesions of the basal forebrain, (2) left C row 1-4 whisker follicle ablations, (3) combined lesion treatments or (4) ice anesthesia only. The size of barrels in basal forebrain lesioned animals was not significantly different from controls. However, the plastic response to whisker removal was compromised in basal forebrain lesioned animals. An index of plasticity, the ratio of row D/row C areas, was reduced significantly in the combined nBM lesioned/follicle ablation group. Compared to whisker-lesioned mice, the expansion in rows B and D and the shrinkage in the lesioned row C area were diminished in the combined treatment group. The present findings correspond to those from a study of rats injected with a cholinergic immunotoxin [Cereb. Cortex 8 (1998) 63]. These results suggest that cholinergic inputs play a role in regulating plasticity as well as in the morphogenesis of mouse sensory-motor cortex.
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PMID:Neonatal electrolytic lesions of the basal forebrain stunt plasticity in mouse barrel field cortex. 1239 51

The geniculo-recipient zones of the primate primary visual cortex (V1) stain more strongly for cytochrome oxidase (CO) than other regions. Labeling V1 with an antibody (SMI-32) against neurofilament protein produces a laminar pattern that is largely complementary to that of CO: the layers that receive the strongest geniculate input react weakly for SMI-32. We evaluated whether the complementary laminar relationship extends throughout the superficial layers where there are regularly spaced blobs of dark CO staining that are known to receive geniculate input. In all hemispheres, neurofilament labeling in the superficial layers was indeed complementary to the CO pattern. The density of SMI-32 labeled neurons was quantified and found to be greater within the CO interblobs than in the blobs. These results demonstrate that blobs and interblobs can be distinguished by examining the pattern of neurofilament expression in V1. That neurofilament expression is highest within interblobs raises the possibility that the distribution of cell types may be non-uniform across blobs and interblobs.
Cereb Cortex 2003 Jul
PMID:Distribution of non-phosphorylated neurofilament in squirrel monkey V1 is complementary to the pattern of cytochrome-oxidase blobs. 1281 87

Zinc is packaged in, and released from, a subset of glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian telencephalon where it has been shown to act as a potent neuromodulator. In order to establish the functional role for zincergic neurons in visual cortical function and plasticity we have compared the topographic distribution of zincergic terminals in the primary visual cortex (V1) of normal adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithicus aethiops) to that in monkeys monocularly deprived of visual input for short (24 h) or long (3 months) survival times. In normal animals, staining levels for zinc were highest in layers 1-3, 4b, 5 and 6 and lowest in layers 4a and 4c. The laminar and tangential patterns of zinc staining were complementary to staining patterns demonstrated using cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. Following 3 months of monocular deprivation by enucleation, levels of zinc staining in layers 3, 4calpha and 6a were heterogeneously reduced, clearly revealing the ocular dominance pattern in V1. When compared with the pattern of CO staining, levels of both CO and zinc were reduced in cortical territory innervated by the enucleated eye. Zinc histochemistry also revealed the ocular dominance pattern after only 24 h of monocular impulse blockade induced by enucleation or intravitreal tetrodotoxin infusion. However, by either means of deprivation for 24 h, levels of zinc were increased in deprived-eye stripes relative to nondeprived-eye stripes. These results indicate that zincergic terminals demarcate distinct compartments in the primate visual cortex. Furthermore, levels of synaptic zinc are rapidly and dynamically regulated, suggesting that zinc and/or zincergic neurons participate in mediating activity-dependent changes in the organization of the adult neocortex.
Cereb Cortex 2003 Oct
PMID:Experience-dependent regulation of the zincergic innervation of visual cortex in adult monkeys. 1296 26

There are regularly arranged blobs that contain neurons labeled by cytochrome oxidase (CO) in the supragranular layer of the primary visual cortex (V1) of monkeys and cats. This theoretical study demonstrates that CO-blob-like patterns can be reproduced based on the thermodynamic model for the activity-dependent self-organization of afferent inputs from two different groups of neurons to the supragranular layer of the visual cortex. Computer simulation based on the model shows that within a particular parameter range each blob is centered in the ocular dominance (OD) band, as observed in macaque monkeys and galagos. Furthermore, by increasing the strength of correlation in activity between inputs from the two eyes, nearby blobs merge across OD borders, as seen in the cat visual cortex. Finally, for monocular deprivation, blobs in the deprived eyes shrink as observed in monkeys and cats. For binocular deprivation, less intensely labeled blobs were reproduced, while the blob density did not change as observed in monkeys.
Cereb Cortex 2004 Apr
PMID:Self-organization model of cytochrome oxidase blobs and ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex. 1502 42

occ1 is a gene whose expression is particularly abundant in neurons in the macaque primary visual cortex (V1). In the present study, we report that the expression of occ1 mRNA in the macaque neocortex can be classified into two modes. The first mode is associated with excitatory neurons distributed in the major thalamocortical recipient layers that exhibit strong cytochrome oxidase activity. This is highly prominent in V1. The second mode is associated with parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons and is distributed across the macaque neocortex. In V1, monocular deprivation showed that occ1 mRNA expression in excitatory neurons was markedly dependent on afferent activity, whereas that in GABAergic interneurons was not. Cross-species comparison showed specific differences in expression. In marmosets, a strong expression was observed in V1 similarly to macaques. The occ1 mRNA expression, however, was generally weak in the mouse neocortex. In rabbit and ferret cortices, the strong expression was observed only in GABAergic interneurons. We conclude that activity-dependent occ1 mRNA expression in the excitatory neurons of V1 was caused by a novel mechanism acquired by primates after their separation from other lineages.
Cereb Cortex 2006 Jul
PMID:Activity-dependent expression of occ1 in excitatory neurons is a characteristic feature of the primate visual cortex. 1615 Nov 75

Descending corticofugal projections are thought to play a critical role in shaping the responses of subcortical neurons. Here, we examine the origins and targets of ferret auditory corticocollicular projections. We show that the ectosylvian gyrus (EG), where the auditory cortex is located, can be subdivided into middle, anterior, and posterior regions according to the pattern of cytochrome oxidase staining and immunoreactivity for the neurofilament antibody SMI32. Injection of retrograde tracers in the inferior colliculus (IC) labeled large layer V pyramidal cells throughout the EG and adjacent sulci. Each region of the EG has a different pattern of descending projections. Neurons in the primary auditory fields in the middle EG project to the lateral nucleus (LN) of the ipsilateral IC and bilaterally to the dorsal cortex and dorsal part of the central nucleus (CN). The projection to these dorsomedial regions of the IC is predominantly ipsilateral and topographically organized. The secondary cortical fields in the posterior EG target the same midbrain areas but exclude the CN of the IC. A smaller projection to the ipsilateral LN also arises from the anterior EG, which is the only region of auditory cortex to target tegmental areas surrounding the IC, including the superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, intercollicular tegmentum, and cuneiform nucleus. This pattern of corticocollicular connectivity is consistent with regional differences in physiological properties and provides another basis for subdividing ferret auditory cortex into functionally distinct areas.
Cereb Cortex 2007 Feb
PMID:The ferret auditory cortex: descending projections to the inferior colliculus. 1658 82


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