Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When a portion of primary somatosensory cortex is deprived of its normal inputs by peripheral nerve transection, intact skin surfaces represented in surrounding cortex come to activate the deprived zone within 2 months. We found that this cortical reorganization was accompanied by a marked decrease in the antibody staining of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the deprived sector of cortex in monkeys surviving nerve injury for 2-5 months. In contrast, there were no apparent changes in cytochrome oxidase reactivity in the deprived cortex of these same monkeys. Reduced levels of inhibition could allow previously unexpressed connections to become potent. Thus, the regulation of the expression of GABA appears to be one mechanism for maintaining and altering cortical representations.
Somatosens Mot Res 1991
PMID:Injury-induced reorganization of somatosensory cortex is accompanied by reductions in GABA staining. 166 58

Distributions of corticospinal and corticobulbar neurons were revealed by tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) processing after injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) into the cervical or lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord, or medullary or pontine levels of the brain stem. Sections reacted for cytochrome oxidase (CO) allowed patterns of labeled neurons to be related to the details of the body surface map in the first somatosensory cortical area (SI). The results indicate that a number of cortical areas project to these subcortical levels: (1) Projection neurons in granular SI formed a clear somatotopic pattern. The hindpaw region projected to the lumbar enlargement, the forepaw region to the cervical enlargement, the whisker pad field to the lower medulla, and the more rostral face region to more rostral brain stem levels. (2) Each zone of labeled neurons in SI extended into adjacent dysgranular somatosensory cortex, forming a second somatotopic pattern of projection neurons. (3) A somatotopic pattern of projection neurons in primary motor cortex (MI) paralleled SI in mediolateral sequence corresponding to the hindlimb, forelimb, and face. (4) A weak somatotopic pattern of projection neurons was suggested in medial agranular cortex (Agm), indicating a premotor field with a rostromedial-to-caudolateral representation of hindlimb, forelimb, and face. (5) A somatotopic pattern of projection neurons representing the foot to face in a mediolateral sequence was observed in medial parietal cortex (PM) located between SI and area 17. (6) In the second somatosensory cortical area (SII), neurons projecting to the brain stem were immediately adjacent caudolaterally to the barrel field of SI, whereas neurons projecting to the upper spinal cord were more lateral. No projection neurons in this region were labeled by the injections in the lower spinal cord. (7) Other foci of projection neurons for the face and forelimb were located rostral to SII, providing evidence for a parietal ventral area (PV) in perirhinal cortex (PR) lateral to SI, and in cortex between SII and PM. None of these regions, which may be higher-order somatosensory areas, contained labeled neurons after injections in the lower spinal cord. Thus, more cortical fields directly influence brain stem and spinal cord levels related to sensory and motor functions of the face and forepaw than the hindlimb. The termination patterns of corticospinal and corticobulbar projections were studied in other rats with injections of WGA:HRP in SI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Somatosens Mot Res 1990
PMID:Areal distributions of cortical neurons projecting to different levels of the caudal brain stem and spinal cord in rats. 224 4

Immunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors in the rat primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Monoclonal antibody 62-3G1 (de Blas et al., 1988; Victorica et al., 1988), which recognizes an epitope common to the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor, produces staining of small punctate structures throughout the neuropil, and around somata and linear processes in all laminae of SI. Receptor immunostaining is relatively intense in upper lamina I and in lamina IV, where patches of intense receptor staining are interleaved with narrow zones of moderate immunoreactivity. Staining is lightest in lamina Vb, where stained puncta appear to be aligned with radially oriented processes, and moderate in the remaining laminae. Tangential sections through lamina IV reveal that each large cortical barrel encompasses several patches of intense receptor staining that are aligned with the corners or edges of individual barrels; interbarrel septa are moderately of intense cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemical staining. A similar correspondence is apparent between a complex lattice of dense receptor clustering and a plexus of dark CO staining in the cortical trunk representation. Six to eight weeks of tactile deprivation produced by simple whisker trimming have no visible effect on GABAA receptor distribution. This is the case for rats whose whiskers were trimmed only during adulthood and for rats deprived from the day of birth until examination 6-8 weeks later. However, electrocautery ablation of whisker follicles leads to a marked decline in GABAA receptor immunoreactivity in cortical barrels associated with the ablated follicles. Our findings indicate that there is reasonable, though not perfect, correspondence between the distribution of GABAA receptors and the distribution of GABA-containing neurons and terminals in rat SI. These elements are associated with regions of intense oxidative metabolic activity revealed by CO staining. The density of GABAA receptors is reduced in lamina IV following complete loss of peripheral afferent input. However, less severe tactile deprivation, which is known to affect cortical neuron responsiveness, produces little or no change in receptor distribution.
Somatosens Mot Res 1995
PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of GABAA receptors in rat somatosensory cortex and effects of tactile deprivation. 750 3

Vibrissa follicles were cauterized in late fetal or newborn rats to determine whether the relationships between brainstem and cortical changes observed after neonatal peripheral damage would also be obtained when vibrissa follicles were cauterized earlier in development. Vibrissa follicles were cauterized between embryonic day 15 (E-15) and the day of birth (P-0). The vibrissa-related representation in the brainstem was examined with cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, and that in the cortex was evaluated with either serotonin immunocytochemistry or anterograde labeling with Di-I when animals reached 6-8 days of age. There was a significant relationship between the ages at which lesions were carried out and the extent to which the representations of undamaged vibrissa follicles were altered in the brainstem and cortex. Peripheral lesions carried out between E-15 and E-18 resulted in significant increases in the cross-sectional areas of the patches corresponding to the undamaged vibrissa follicles in both the brainstem and cortex. Lesions at later ages resulted in significant increases only in the cortex. In some animals that sustained peripheral damage on E-20 and all of those that received lesions on P-0, there were aggregates of labeling in cortex that had no counterpart in the brainstem. Prenatal, but not postnatal, vibrissa follicle damage also reduced the overall dimensions of the cortical region devoted to the representation of these receptor organelles. Finally, there was a strong negative correlation between the magnitude of peripheral lesions (i.e., the number of vibrissa follicles ablated) and the extent of the reorganization in the brainstem and cortex.
Somatosens Mot Res 1994
PMID:Alterations in brainstem and cortical organization of rats sustaining prenatal vibrissa follicle lesions. 801 40

We followed developmental changes in "barreloid" thalamocortical relay cell (TCR) dendritic arbors between postnatal day 5 (P5; birth = P0) and adulthood. Single neurons in 150- to 250-microns coronal or oblique slices through the somatosensory thalamus in mice of different postnatal ages were injected with lucifer yellow (LY) under direct visualization. Filled cells in the ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) were imaged with a confocal microscope, and rendered and analyzed on a computer workstation with special-purpose software. The whisker representation in the thalamus, as revealed by the pattern of barreloids, was demonstrated by oblique illumination of the slices and/or later cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. VPM cross-sectional area trebles from P5 to adulthood. Barreloids (single-whisker representations) are well delineated in unstained sections until P10-P11; thereafter, barreloids can only be recognized with difficulty with the CO stain. Thalamocortical relay cell (TCR) somal volumes increase rapidly in the first 2 weeks. The number of primary dendrites does not change, nor does the length of the primary dendritic segments, from P5 to adulthood; however, distal dendritic segments elongate and increase in number. Dendritic arbors are confined on P5 to single barreloids; in adults they extend to adjacent barreloids. The postnatal transformation of dendritic arbors by process growth to adjacent barreloids is mainly completed by P18. A change in the developmental role of these cells, from instructing whisker pattern formation to integrating sensory information from more than one whisker, thus occurs after the whisker pattern in the barrel cortex is established. It coincides with the age at which animals are known to begin exploratory whisking behaviors. The mechanism appears to be by growth and remodeling of distal dendrites rather than by oriented growth and regression, as has been reported for stellate cells in cortical whisker barrels.
Somatosens Mot Res 1996
PMID:Postnatal development of mouse "whisker" thalamus: ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM), barreloids, and their thalamocortical relay neurons. 911 Apr 32

Star-nosed moles normally have 11 mobile appendages, or rays, extending from each side of the nose. In cytochrome oxidase preparations, each ray is visible in primary somatosensory cortex as a dark band separated by light septa. When a single mole was found with 12 rays on each side of the nose, primary somatosensory cortex had 12 bands. We take this as further evidence that morphological features of somatosensory cortex are determined by the periphery.
Somatosens Mot Res 1997
PMID:The mole nose instructs the brain. 924 28

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is transiently expressed by thalamocortical axons in the rat, and staining for this enzyme has been used extensively to study the development of thalamocortical projections. In the present study, patterns of AChE staining were compared in the trigeminal brainstem, thalami and primary somatosensory cortices of perinatal rats, mice, and hamsters. As previously reported, the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of rats showed dense AChE staining from P-0 at least through P-8. The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) contained heavy AChE staining at least through P-60. In the cortex, there was also dense AChE staining which was organized somatotopically in patches similar to those observed with other methods such as cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. However, by adulthood, AChE staining revealed a negative image of the CO staining pattern in lamina IV. In the mouse and hamster, there was dense AChE staining inVPL from P-0 through adulthood, but VPM was much less heavily stained for this enzyme. Moreover, the staining in VPL of mice was markedly reduced after transection of axons that travel to the thalamus in the medial lemniscus, suggesting that much of it was contained in these afferent fibers. In the cortices of both perinatal and adult mice and hamsters, AChE staining yielded a negative image of the somatotopically organized patches demonstrable with CO staining. This negative image was apparent by P-2 in the mouse and P-4 in the hamster. These results document a dramatic species difference with respect to the expression of AChE in the thalami and cortices of developing rodents. The differences between the patterns observed in rats vs mice and hamsters probably reflect the fact that cortical AChE in the latter species is not contained in thalamocortical afferents arising from either VPM or VPL.
Somatosens Mot Res 1999
PMID:Differential expression of acetylcholinesterase in the brainstem, ventrobasal thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex of perinatal rats, mice, and hamsters. 1063 24

The organization of neocortex in the short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) was explored with multiunit microelectrode recordings from middle layers of cortex. Microelectrode maps were subsequently related to the chemoarchitecture of flattened cortical preparations, sectioned parallel to the cortical surface and processed for either cytochrome oxidase (CO) or NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. The recordings revealed the presence of at least two systematic representations of the contralateral body surface located in a continuous strip of cortex running from the rhinal sulcus to the medial wall. The primary somatosensory area (S1) was located medially while secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) formed a laterally located mirror image of S1. Auditory cortex was located in lateral cortex at the caudal border of S2, and some electrode penetrations in this area responded to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation. Auditory cortex was outlined by a dark oval visible in flattened brain sections. A large primary visual cortex (V1) was located at the caudal pole of cortex, and also consistently corresponded to a large chemoarchitecturally visible oval. Cortex just rostral and lateral to V1 responded to visual stimulation, while bimodal auditory/visual responses were obtained in an area between V1 and somatosensory cortex. The results are compared with brain organization in other marsupials and with placentals and the evolution of cortical areas in mammals is discussed.
Somatosens Mot Res 2000
PMID:The organization of somatosensory cortex in the short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). 1083 83

The human primary somatosensory cortex consists of four cytoarchitectonic subdivisions (3a, 3b, 1 and 2) that are likely to contain distinct somatosensory representations. The intraareal organization of these areas as well as that of the primary motor cortex (area 4) has been analyzed using histochemical stains of cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase activity in normal human brains. Cytochrome oxidase activity was revealed in individual cortical neurons and neuropil. Areas 4, 3a and 3b were on average darker than areas 1 and 2. The laminar distribution of cytochrome oxidase activity varied in different areas. A prominent dark band was present in layers IV and lower III in areas 3a and 3b and in layer III in areas 1, 2 and 4. Acetylcholinesterase staining revealed fibers and pyramidal cells in layers III and V; stained layer III pyramids were rare in areas 3a and 3b and numerous in areas 1, 2 and 4. NADPH-diaphorase positive elements included Golgi-like stained non-pyramidal neurons and Nissl-like stained pyramidal neurons; the former were found, in small numbers, in layer II of areas 4, 3a, 3b and 1, and the latter in layers III and V of areas 4 and 3a and in layer V of areas 1 and 2. The dark cytochrome oxidase staining of layer IV and the paucity of acetylcholinesterase positive pyramids in areas 3a and 3b resemble the pattern found in primary visual and auditory areas, whereas the dark cytochrome oxidase staining in layer III and abundance of acetylcholinesterase positive pyramids in areas 1 and 2 that of association areas. These results suggest that the four areas included in human SI constitute hierarchical stages of cortical processing, with 3a and 3b corresponding to primary and 1 and 2 to secondary areas.
Somatosens Mot Res 2000
PMID:Hierarchy within human SI: supporting data from cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase staining patterns. 1089 83

The somatosensory cortex of several mole species (family Talpidae), with different peripheral sensory adaptations, was investigated and compared to determine common and specialized features of cortical organization. Previously unidentified medial representations of the trunk and limbs were found in all species, indicating that S1 in moles occupies a medial to lateral strip of cortex as in most other mammals. This finding suggests a large lateral forelimb representation, previously attributed to S1, is actually part of S2. In the face representation, evidence was found for three representations of the unusual nose of the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata). Each of these areas was divided into a series of modules (visible in cytochrome oxidase processed tissue) representing individual nasal appendages on the star. In the closely related but less specialized eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) and coast mole (Scapanus orarius), only two nose representations were identified in an area of cortex with a more uniform histological appearance. The results indicate that moles have enlarged somatosensory representations of the glabrous nose as compared to shrews and rats that instead have large vibrissal representations. In addition moles have a very large and specialized representation of the digging forepaw in S2. Since this part of S2 projects directly to the cervical spinal cord, the specialization may provide adaptive sensorimotor functions related to digging.
Somatosens Mot Res 2000
PMID:Cortical-organization in moles: evidence of new areas and a specialized S2. 1112 77


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