Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At present soluble NADP-dependent dehydrogenases are histochemically demonstrated in three different ways: according to the standard method incubation in aqueous media leads to the precipitation of formazan, the formation of which depends entirely on the presence of endogeneous NADPH2-tetrazolium reductases. With the two more recently established methods these reductases are by-passed with the use of intermediate electron acceptors incorporated in the medium. In addition, enzyme diffusion is inhibited either by an increased viscosity of the medium (PVA) or by a semipermeable membrane separating the medium from the section. Depending on the technique applied different distribution patterns have been described. By altering the concentrations of substrates, coenzyme, tetrazolium salt and cytochrome oxidase inhibitor, it was possible to improve both the PVA and membrane methods. Although similar results were obtained, because of its advantages the PVA method is recommended in this report and a detailed description is given. Using the latter for the demonstration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), malic enzyme (ME) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), characteristic distribution patterns were obtained in the liver parenchyma of male and female rats. For the first time a high G6PDH activity could be demonstrated in nonparenchymal cells which are mainly found in zone 1 of the liver acinus.
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PMID:NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in rat liver parenchyma. I. Methodological studies on the qualitative histochemistry of G6PDH, 6PGDH, malic enzyme and ICDH. 2 20

The activity of some intracellular oxidative enzymes was studied histochemically in the cells of the thyroid follicles of teleost fishes of the genus Xiphophorus. The experimental material consisted of animals of the red swordtail and Mexican swordtail breeds of Xiphophorus helleri and of melanotic Xiphophorus maculatus fishes. Observations were carried out on adult specimens of both sexes, including pregnant femals of Mexican swordtail. Moreover, immature Mexican swordtails of both sexes were examined. Thyroid follicles were found to be present in the subpharyngeal region of all fishes studied. The distribution of these follicles as well as their number and form depended on sex, age and on the analysed stage of prenancy. A smaller number and size of thyroid follicles were characteristic of immature specimens, whereas they were most numerous in the thyroids of pregnant fishes. The follicles were arranged in characteristic dense aggregations, especially in the melanotic platyfish. The follicular eipthelium in the fishes under study was usually cubical, but pregnant and non-pregnant adult females also contained a considerable number of larger follicles with flattened epithelium. Besides, thyroid follicles of multilayer epithelium were rather frequently encountered, especially in male fishes, irrespective of their age. The thyroid follicle cells of these fishes demonstrated invariably high activities of reduced NAD and NADP dehydrogenases and of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and a low activity of succinat dehydrogenase. The intensities of alpha-glycerophosphate and lactate dehydrogenases and of cytochrome oxidase varied with sex, age and breed of the studied fishes. The immature and pregnant fishes showed the most clearly pronounced differences in the intensity of enzymic activity, the thyroid follicles of immature specimens revealing a high activity of lactate dehydrogenase and low activity of cytochrome oxidase, an inverse picture being seen in pregnant fishes. The adult forms of both sexes exhibited an enhanced activity of cytochrome oxidase and a decline in that of lactate dehydrogenase. The observed differences in the intensities of enzymic acitivities in the thyroids of the studied fishes are related with functions of this gland which in the period of growth are different from those in the period of sexual maturity, and certainly also with individual metabolic characteristics of the studied fishes.
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PMID:Activities of oxidative enzymes in thyroid follicles of Xiphophorin fishes. 19 45

The distribution and activities of several oxidative enzymes in various regions of the sebaceous glands of the domestic cat have been studied. The results obtained emphasize the outstanding importance of NADP-linked dehydrogenases for lipogenesis during sebum production. In particular, the reactions for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were very strong. Among the NAD-linked dehydrogenases investigated, lactate dehydrogenase showed strong activity in the peripheral cells of the sebaceous gland. The reactions for cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase were weaker.
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PMID:Oxidative enzymes in the sebaceous glands of the domestic cat. 19 9

Histoenzymological methods were applied to examine the activities of previously little studied intracellular oxidative enzymes in the cells of the thyroid follicular epithelium of Xenopus laevis Daud. specimens kept in aquarium. Succinate, lactate, alpha-glycerophosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and reduced NAD and NADP dehydrogenases and cytochrome oxidase were studied. In comparison with other chordate species a very strong activity was revealed particularly by lactate dehydrogenase. The data obtained suggest that the metabolism in thyroid cells of the motionless Xenopus is based on glycolysis mainly.
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PMID:The activity of some intracellular oxidative enzymes in the thyroid follicular epithelium of Xenopus laevis Daud. in experimental long-term hypokinesia. 20 46

An increase in activity of several dehydrogenases of tricarboxylic acid cycle (NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) was observed in rat liver tissue under conditions of acute hemorrhage. The enzymatic activity was slightly higher in the group of animals with relatively prolonged life-time as compared with those, which lived less than 4 hrs. Activity of cytochrome oxidase was inhilited in the both groups of animals (by 27% and 29%, respectively). The less distinct decrease in both temperature in the group of animals with prolonged life-time might maintain the rate of Krebs cycle substrates oxidation. Activation of respiration in liver tissue under conditions of the hemorrhage is considered as a compensatory reaction tending to improve oxygen utilization in hypoxia. At the same time, inhibition oy cytochrome oxidase demonstrates the impairment of electron transport and decreased rate of energy production in liver mitochondria.
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PMID:[Tissue respiratory enzymes in the rat liver in acute blood loss]. 22 69

The authors have studied the enzymhistochemical and ultrastructural pictures of tenocytes of adult human tendons. High succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, TPN-diaphorase, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were found, as indicated both oxidativ, anaerobic and pentose-phosphate shung activity. Phosphorylase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity was medial, lipase and alcaline phosphatase activity was slight. In tenocytes well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and GOLGI apparatus, large amount of free ribosomes were found.
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PMID:Histochemical and ultrastructural study of adult human tendon. 23 84

The influence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on mitochondrial respiration was examined in rat liver mitochondria. The addition of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 during state 3 respiration inhibited the oxygen uptake by 63.4%. A mixture of SNP 1 mmol litre-1 and glutathione (GSH) 1 mmol litre-1 inhibited the oxygen uptake more markedly (by 75.9%). The cyanide concentrations were 0.01 mmol litre-1 with SNP alone and 0.15 mmol litre-1 with the mixture of SNP and GSH. Cyanide production from SNP in the presence of various reducing agents was studied in potassium phosphate 0.1 mol litre-1 buffer solution (pH 7.4) incubated at 37 degrees C. Cyanide was liberated markedly from SNP in the presence of GSH or ascorbate. Less cyanide was produced in the presence of NADH or NADPH. The rate of production of cyanide was dependent entirely upon the concentration of each reducing agent added. No cyanide was liberated when sodium dithionite or the oxidized forms of GSH, NAD or NADP were used. It was concluded that SNP is degradated to cyanide by a hydrogen donor and that the cyanide liberated in this manner inhibits the cytochrome oxidase activity of mitochondria in vivo.
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PMID:Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by sodium nitroprusside and the mechanism of cyanide liberation. 58

In the cells of RH, SPEV and HEp-2 lines irradiated with 6.5 mm radiowaves of 1 mW/cm2 flux density the following phenomena were established: activation of succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase; reduction of cytochrome oxidase, NAD- and NADP-diaphorase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities; repression of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DNA and of 3H-uridine incorporation in RNA; violation of ultrastructure; suppression of cellular proliferation; decrease of mitotic activity; occurrence of pathological forms of mitosis.
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PMID:[Biological oxidation in cells exposed to microwaves in the millimeter range]. 68 31

Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9) was purified 500--600-fold from the mammary gland extracts by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration with Sepharose 4B, anion-exchange chromatography with QAE-Sephadex, and chromatography with NADP-Agarose. This enzyme (spec. act. 200--300 nmol/min per mg protein) had a molecular weight of approx. 170 000. It did not cross-react with rabbit antiserum prepared against either fatty acid synthetase from the mammary gland or malonyl-CoA decarboxylase from the uropygial gland of goose. The decarboxylase showed a pH optimum near 8.5--9.0 and a Km of 0.33 mM, decarboxylated neither malonic acid nor methylmalonyl-CoA and was inhibited by thiol directed reagents but not by avidin. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the gland homogenate showed that the major peak of decarboxylase activity coincided with that of cytochrome oxidase. Breakage of mitochondria released greater than 80% of the decarboxylase activity into the 105,000 X g supernatant, suggesting that malonyl-CoA decarboxylase may be located in the mitochondrial matrix.
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PMID:Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase from the mammary gland of lactating rat. Purification, properties and subcellular localization. 71 70

The structure and histochemistry of the palmar and plantar skin were studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). In this skin there exist well-developed epidermal ridges, to which are attached one or two ducts of sweat glands. A thick stratum corneum can be seen in the epidermis, while a distinct stratum lucidum cannot be isolated from the other layers. The stratum granulosum is constituted by one or three layers of cells containing keratohyalin granules. Melanin granulations are mainly concentrated in the basal cells of the epidermal ridges. Dendritic melanocytes and amelanotic melanocytes containing alkaline phosphatase are found among the epidermal cells. Glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylases are mainly present in the middle and lower Malpighian cells of the epidermal ridges. Alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, alanyl amino-peptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were absent in the epidermal cells. SDH, cytochrome oxidase, MAO and a certain number of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, ADH, MDH, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH and GDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the basal cells and Malpighian layer. The NADP-dependent enzymes (G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, cis-aconistase and ICDH) were more reactive in the upper Malpighian layer and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum showed some acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase reactivity. The collagenous fibers intertwined with a small number of very thin elastic ones and a larger amount of reticular fibers run almost parallel to the epidermal ridges in the papillary body. In the reticular dermis some fibers are disposed transversely to the epidermal ridges. Meissner corpuscles reactive to butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and G-6-PA are disposed at regular intervals and frequently at each side of the epidermal ridges. Pacinian corpuscles were found only in the hypodermis. The eccrine sweat glands contain glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylase in their secretory, ductal and myoepithelial cells. The secretory part shows a uniform reactivity for every dehydrogenase because it contains only one type of cells (clear cells). The intraepidermal segment of the ducts shows a stronger reactivity to nonspecific esterase and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases than the epithelial cells around it.
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PMID:The skin of the palms and soles of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). 82 86


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