Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Levels of the inhibitory transmitter, GABA, and its synthesizing enzyme, GAD, appear to be regulated in the visual cortex of young adult monkeys in an activity-dependent manner. In monkeys subjected to monocular deprivation by eye removal, tetrodotoxin injection, or eyelide suture, the number of GABA and GAD immunoreactive neurons in deprived-eye columns of the cortex is reduced by up to 50%. This effect is unaccompanied by cell death and is reversible. After cessation of TTX injection or reopening of the eyes, the number of immunostained cells returns to normal. The effect appears after 4-5 days of eye removal or tetrodotoxin injection, but only after 7-16 weeks of eyelid suture. In the latter case, it is more severe in the younger monkeys. The reversible reduction in GABA and GAD immunostaining extends out of layer IVC into lay IVA and to neurons around but not in cytochrome oxidase periodicities of layer III. This may indicate selective vulnerability of GABA cells sensitive to high spatial frequency.
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PMID:Activity-dependent regulation of GABA expression in the visual cortex of adult monkeys. 327 85

Striking correlations between structure and function are found in the visual cortex of Old World primates. These include the co-localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, the biosynthetic enzyme of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid) with the mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome oxidase (CO) in functionally distinct subcompartments of ocular dominance columns. We report here immunocytochemical studies with a monoclonal antibody (CAT 301) showing that the antibody recognizes an uncharacterized antigen on surfaces of some neurones in certain layers of the monkey striate cortex (area 17), and in certain parts of the cat and monkey dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN). Patches of immunocytochemically stained neurones and neuropil, apparent in layers III, IVB and VI of the striate cortex of normal monkeys, become even more clearly delineated in animals from which one eye has been removed. The antibody-stained patches in the three layers line up radially with one another in lines passing through the centres of ocular dominance columns (demonstrable by CO staining in layers IVA and IVC). In layers III and VI the patches coexist with CO-positive patches and, in the horizontal dimension, both antibody and CO-positive patches are aligned to form rows. Stained neurones in the monkey LGN are primarily in the magnocellular layers and in the cat LGN are confined to laminae A and A1, the inter-laminar plexuses, the perigeniculate nucleus and the medial inter-laminar nucleus. The antigen we have localized is associated with particular cell populations, some of which may correspond to a specific, physiological class.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody that identifies subsets of neurones in the central visual system of monkey and cat. 669 27

Dopamine (DA) exerts synaptic organization of basal ganglia circuitry through a variety of neuronal populations in the striatum. We performed conditional ablation of striatal neuronal types containing DA D2 receptor (D2R) by using immunotoxin-mediated cell targeting. Mutant mice were generated that express the human interleukin-2 receptor alpha-subunit under the control of the D2R gene. Intrastriatal immunotoxin treatment of the mutants eliminated the majority of the striatopallidal medium spiny neurons and cholinergic interneurons. The elimination of these neurons caused hyperactivity of spontaneous movement and reduced motor activation in response to DA stimulation. The elimination also induced upregulation of GAD gene expression in the globus pallidus (GP) and downregulation of cytochrome oxidase activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), whereas it attenuated DA-induced expression of the immediate-early genes (IEGs) in the striatonigral neurons. In addition, chemical lesion of cholinergic interneurons did not alter spontaneous movement but caused a moderate enhancement in DA-induced motor activation. This enhancement of the behavior was accompanied by an increase in the IEG expression in the striatonigral neurons. These data suggest that ablation of the striatopallidal neurons causes spontaneous hyperactivity through modulation of the GP and STN activity and that the ablation leads to the reduction in DA-induced behavior at least partly through attenuation of the striatonigral activity as opposed to the influence of cholinergic cell lesion. We propose a possible model in which the striatopallidal neurons dually regulate motor behavior dependent on the state of DA transmission through coordination of the basal ganglia circuitry.
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PMID:Conditional ablation of striatal neuronal types containing dopamine D2 receptor disturbs coordination of basal ganglia function. 1453 41