Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:1.9.3.1 (cytochrome oxidase)
 8,822 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) (EC 1.14.17.1) activity is present in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) as early as 2 days of age in the white rat. The specific and the total activities of this enzyme, as well as those of cytochrome oxidase (COX) (EC 1.9.3.1) in IBAT increase up to at least 20 days of age. Daily administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) between the second and the twelfth day after birth does not significantly alter IBAT weight gain relative to untreated controls, but the increase in protein content with age is reduced to about half the normal value at the end of the treatment. The treatment with 6-OHDA also results in a drastic lowering of DBH specific and total activities, and a much smaller rate of increase of COX specific and total activities with age in IBAT compared with controls. These results provide additional evidence for a previously proposed role of sympathetic nervous system activity in the development of the thermogenic potential of IBAT in the newborn rat.
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PMID:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase and cytochrome oxidase activities in brown adipose tissue of newborn rats following sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine. 19 96

In order to determine the changes in gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopaminergic activity within the brain during the onset of sexual precocity, a Halasz-like knife was developed to produce discrete parasagittal cuts in 2-week-old male broiler chicks. At 5 weeks of age, sexually precocious respondents were selected on the basis of advanced secondary sex characteristics and randomly paired with sham-operated controls. Each pair of birds was perfused with heparinized saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Sections 40 microns thick, obtained throughout the hypothalamus, were immunostained with either anti-GnRH or anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to ascertain dopaminergic activity. Alternate sections from each pair of brains were also treated with cytochrome oxidase to determine metabolic activity levels or with Nissl stain to localize the knife cuts. Analysis revealed an increase in GnRH immunoreactivity within the bed nucleus of the pallial commissure (nCPa) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as well as the median eminence (ME). An increase in TH immunoreactivity was observed in the nucleus intramedialis (nI). Also an increase in metabolic activity was seen in the PVN as revealed by cytochrome oxidase reactivity. It is hypothesized that during the onset of puberty there is an increase in immunoreactive GnRH cell numbers as a result of a decrease in the inhibition of the GnRH system, possibly involving the nI and PVN. The source of the dopamine reported in the ME could be from the nI and other nearby nuclei. Dopamine from the tubero-infundibular area may be one of the putative neurotransmitters responsible for the increased activity of GnRH within the ME of chicks showing precocious puberty.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical and histochemical analyses of gonadotrophin releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, and cytochrome oxidase reactivity within the hypothalamus of chicks showing early sexual maturation. 809 25

Dopamine (DA) exerts synaptic organization of basal ganglia circuitry through a variety of neuronal populations in the striatum. We performed conditional ablation of striatal neuronal types containing DA D2 receptor (D2R) by using immunotoxin-mediated cell targeting. Mutant mice were generated that express the human interleukin-2 receptor alpha-subunit under the control of the D2R gene. Intrastriatal immunotoxin treatment of the mutants eliminated the majority of the striatopallidal medium spiny neurons and cholinergic interneurons. The elimination of these neurons caused hyperactivity of spontaneous movement and reduced motor activation in response to DA stimulation. The elimination also induced upregulation of GAD gene expression in the globus pallidus (GP) and downregulation of cytochrome oxidase activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), whereas it attenuated DA-induced expression of the immediate-early genes (IEGs) in the striatonigral neurons. In addition, chemical lesion of cholinergic interneurons did not alter spontaneous movement but caused a moderate enhancement in DA-induced motor activation. This enhancement of the behavior was accompanied by an increase in the IEG expression in the striatonigral neurons. These data suggest that ablation of the striatopallidal neurons causes spontaneous hyperactivity through modulation of the GP and STN activity and that the ablation leads to the reduction in DA-induced behavior at least partly through attenuation of the striatonigral activity as opposed to the influence of cholinergic cell lesion. We propose a possible model in which the striatopallidal neurons dually regulate motor behavior dependent on the state of DA transmission through coordination of the basal ganglia circuitry.
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PMID:Conditional ablation of striatal neuronal types containing dopamine D2 receptor disturbs coordination of basal ganglia function. 1453 41

Dopamine and nitric oxide systems can interact in different processes in the central nervous system. Dopamine and oxidation products have been related to mitochondrial dysfunction. In the present study, intact mitochondria and submitochondrial membranes were incubated with different DA concentrations for 5 min. Dopamine (1 mM) increased nitric oxide production in submitochondrial membranes and this effect was partially prevented in the presence of both DA and NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). A 46% decrease in state 3 oxygen uptake (active respiration state) was found after 15 mM dopamine incubation. When mitochondria were incubated with 15 mM dopamine in the presence of L-NNA, state 3 respiratory rate was decreased by only 17% showing the involvement of NO. As shown for O(2) consumption, the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by 1 mM DA was mediated by NO. Hydrogen peroxide production significantly increased after 15 mM DA incubation, being mainly due to its metabolism by MAO. Also, DA-induced depolarization was prevented by the addition of L-NNA showing the involvement of nitric oxide in this process too. This work provides evidence that in the studied conditions, dopamine modifies mitochondrial function by a nitric oxide-dependent pathway.
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PMID:Dopamine enhances mtNOS activity: implications in mitochondrial function. 1770 39